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81.
82.
The glomerular organization of the primary olfactory brain center, the antennal lobe, was studied in males and females of Holotrichia diomphalia adults using serial histological sections labeled by the reduced silver-stain technique. The results revealed an apparent sexual dimorphism. Whereas an enlarged cap-shaped glomerulus was found at the antennal nerve entrance into the antennal lobe in males, no such unit was present in females. Also the size of the antennal lobe differed between the sexes, the antennal lobe of males being larger than that of females. We estimated the total number of glomeruli at approximately 60 units in the female antennal lobe. In males, we could discriminate only those glomeruli that were located in the anterior area of the antennal lobe. 相似文献
83.
Ang LH Chen W Yao Y Ozawa R Tao E Yonekura J Uemura T Keshishian H Hing H 《Developmental biology》2006,293(1):178-190
Lim Kinase (Limk) belongs to a phylogenetically conserved family of serine/threonine kinases, which have been shown to be potent regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. Despite accumulating evidence of its biochemical actions, its in vivo function has remained poorly understood. The association of the Limk1 gene with Williams Syndrome indicates that proteins of this family play a role in the nervous system. To unravel the cellular and molecular functions of Limk, we have either knocked out or activated the Limk gene in Drosophila. At the neuromuscular junction, loss of Limk leads to enlarged terminals, while increasing the activity of Limk leads to stunted terminals with fewer synaptic boutons. In the antennal lobe, loss of Limk abolishes the ability of p21-activated kinase (Pak) to alter glomerular development. In contrast, increase in Limk function leads to ectopic glomeruli, a phenotype suppressible by the coexpression of a hyperactive Cofilin gene. These results establish Limk as a critical regulator of Cofilin function and synapse development, and a downstream effector of Pak in vivo. 相似文献
84.
85.
Tomoki Kazawa Shigehiro Namiki Ryota Fukushima Mitsuhiro Terada Kajin Soo Ryohei Kanzaki 《Cell and tissue research》2009,336(1):119-136
We investigated the anatomical organization of glomeruli in the antennal lobes (ALs) of male silkmoths. We reconstructed 10
different ALs and established an identification procedure for individual glomeruli by using size, shape, and position relative
to anatomical landmarks. Quantitative analysis of these morphological characteristics supported the validity of our identification
strategy. The glomerular organization of the ALs was roughly conserved between different ALs. However, we found individual
variations that were reproducibly observed. The combination of a digital atlas with other experimental techniques, such as
electrophysiology, optical imaging, and genetics, should facilitate a more in-depth analysis of sensory information processing
in silkmoth ALs.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Tomoki Kazawa and Shigehiro Namiki contributed equally to this work.
This research was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science, and Technology (area no. 454, to R.K.). 相似文献
86.
N. K. Hillier C. Kleineidam N. J. Vickers 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2006,192(2):199-219
The neurophysiology and antennal lobe projections of olfactory receptor neurons housed within short trichoid sensilla of female
Heliothis virescens F. (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) were investigated using a combination of cut-sensillum recording and cobalt-lysine staining techniques.
Behaviorally relevant odorants, including intra- and inter-sexual pheromonal compounds, plant and floral volatiles were selected
for testing sensillar responses. A total of 184 sensilla were categorized into 25 possible sensillar types based on odor responses
and sensitivity. Sensilla exhibited both narrow (responding to few odors) and broad (responding to many odors) response spectra.
Sixty-six percent of the sensilla identified were stimulated by conspecific odors; in particular, major components of the
male H. virescens hairpencil pheromone (hexadecanyl acetate and octadecanyl acetate) and a minor component of the female sex pheromone, (Z)-9-tetradecenal. Following characterization of the responses, olfactory receptor neurons within individual sensilla were
stained with cobalt lysine (N=39) and traced to individual glomeruli in the antennal lobe. Olfactory receptor neurons with specific responses to (Z)-9-tetradecenal, a female H. virescens sex pheromone component, projected to the female-specific central large female glomerulus (cLFG) and other glomeruli. Terminal
arborizations from sensillar types containing olfactory receptor neurons sensitive to male hairpencil components and plant
volatiles were also localized to distinct glomerular locations. This information provides insight into the representation
of behaviorally relevant odorants in the female moth olfactory system.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
87.
Glycoproteins produced by non‐engineered insects or insect cell lines characteristically bear truncated, paucimannose N‐glycans in place of the complex N‐glycans produced by mammalian cells. A key reason for this difference is the presence of a highly specific N‐glycan processing β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase in insect, but not in mammalian systems. Thus, reducing or abolishing this enzyme could enhance the ability of glycoengineered insects or insect cell lines to produce complex N‐glycans. Of the three insect species routinely used for recombinant glycoprotein production, the processing β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase gene has been isolated only from Spodoptera frugiperda. Thus, the purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize the genes encoding this important processing enzyme from the other two species, Bombyx mori and Trichoplusia ni. Bioinformatic analyses of putative processing β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase genes isolated from these two species indicated that each encoded a product that was, indeed, more similar to processing β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidases than degradative or chitinolytic β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidases. In addition, over‐expression of each of these genes induced an enzyme activity with the substrate specificity characteristic of processing, but not degradative or chitinolytic enzymes. Together, these results demonstrated that the processing β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase genes had been successfully isolated from Trichoplusia ni and Bombyx mori. The identification of these genes has the potential to facilitate further glycoengineering of baculovirus‐insect cell expression systems for the production of glycosylated proteins. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010 相似文献
88.
Barbara GS Grünewald B Paute S Gauthier M Raymond-Delpech V 《Invertebrate neuroscience : IN》2008,8(1):19-29
In insects, acetylcholine (ACh) is the main neurotransmitter, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediate fast
cholinergic synaptic transmission. In the honeybee, nAChRs are expressed in diverse structures including the primary olfactory
centres of the brain, the antennal lobes (AL) and the mushroom bodies. Whole-cell, voltage-clamp recordings were used to characterize
the nAChRs present on cultured AL cells from adult honeybee, Apis mellifera. In 90% of the cells, applications of ACh induced fast inward currents that desensitized slowly. The classical nicotinic
agonists nicotine and imidacloprid elicited respectively 45 and 43% of the maximum ACh-induced currents. The ACh-elicited
currents were blocked by nicotinic antagonists methyllycaconitine, dihydroxy-β-erythroidine and α-bungarotoxin. The nAChRs
on adult AL cells are cation permeable channels. Our data indicate the existence of functional nAChRs on adult AL cells that
differ from nAChRs on pupal Kenyon cells from mushroom bodies by their pharmacological profile and ionic permeability, suggesting
that these receptors could be implicated in different functions. 相似文献
89.
Structural and functional consequences of removal of the interdomain disulfide bridge from the isolated C-lobe of ovotransferrin
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The interdomain disulfide bond present in the C-lobe of all the transferrins was postulated to restrict the domain movement resulting in the slow rate of iron uptake and release. In the present study, the conformational stability and iron binding properties of a derivative of the isolated C-lobe of ovotransferrin in which the interdomain disulfide bond, Cys478-Cys671 was selectively reduced and alkylated with iodoacetamide were compared with the disulfide intact form at the endosomal pH of 5.6. Pyrophosphate and chloride mediated iron release kinetics showed no difference between the disulfide-intact and disulfide-reduced/alkylated forms; the two protein forms yielded similar observed rate constants showing an apparent hyperbolic dependency for anion concentrations. The conformational stability evaluated by unfolding and refolding experiments was greater for the disulfide-intact form than for the disulfide-reduced/alkylated form: the deltaG(D)H2O values at 30 degrees C obtained by using urea were 9.0+/-0.8 and 6.0+/-0.4 kJ/mol for the former and latter protein forms, respectively, and the corresponding values obtained by using guanidine hydrochloride were 6.2+/-0.9 and 4.3+/-0.5 kJ/mol. The dissociation constant of iron (kd) was almost the same for the two protein forms, and it varied only subtly with urea concentrations but increased markedly with GdnHCl concentrations. The nonidentical values of deltaG(D)H2O and kd for urea and GdnHCl can be attributed to the ionic nature of the later denaturant, in which chloride anion may influence the structure and iron uptake-release properties of the ovotransferrin C-lobe. Taken together, we conclude that the interdomain disulfide bond has no effect on the iron uptake and release function but significantly decreases the conformational stability in the C-lobe. 相似文献
90.
Khodabandeh S Charmantier G Blasco C Grousset E Charmantier-Daures M 《Cell and tissue research》2005,319(1):153-165
The ontogeny of the antennal glands was studied during the embryonic and post-embryonic development of Astacus leptodactylus. The future glands arising from undifferentiated columnar cells were detectable at the metanauplius stage EI 150 m (EI: eye index; approximately 440 m at hatching). The tubule and labyrinth differentiated in embryos at EI 190 m, and the bladder and coelomosac at EI 250 m. At EI 350 m, the tubule lengthened and divided into proximal and distal sub-regions. In later stages, the gland retained the same morpho-anatomy but the differentiation and size of each part increased. The cells of the coelomosac displayed the cytological features of podocytes in late embryonic development at EI 440 m. Only small apical microvilli and a few mitochondria were observable in the labyrinth cells at EI 250 m; by EI 440 m, these cells presented well-shaped apical microvilli, formed bodies, basal infoldings and mitochondria. In the cells of the tubules and bladder, mitochondria and basal infoldings occurred at EI 440 m and EI 250 m, respectively. The differentiation of the tubules and bladder cells suggested that they were involved in active transport at EI 440 m. Following hatching, the differentiation of the cells and the size of the glands increased. The ontogeny of the antennal glands thus starts in early embryos, the specific cellular functional features being differentiated in the various parts of the glands by EI 440 m. The antennal glands are probably functional just before hatching, i.e., before the juveniles are confronted with the low osmolality of freshwater.Thanks are due to the University of Tarbiat Modarres and Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Islamic Republic of Iran, for financial aid and support. Special thanks are also extended to the Société Française dExportation des Ressources Educatives (SFERE) for a scholarship to S.K. 相似文献