天山北麓典型水库细菌多样性分析

为了探讨天山北麓中段水库细菌的多样性及其功能,选取蘑菇湖水库（MGW）、奎屯/车排子水库（KCW）、安集海水库（AJW）和八一水库（BYW）为典型水库进行宏基因组学分析。多点采集水库水样,收集水样中的微生物,CTAB法提取总DNA,用细菌16S rDNA通用引物扩增V3-V4区,扩增产物进行高通量测序,使用BLAST、USEARCH、QIIME等软件和在线工具分析水库细菌的多样性,使用PICRUSt软件和KEGG数据库预测细菌功能基因组成。结果表明,水库细菌分属18个门、38个纲和181个属,其中AJW的操作分类单元（Operational taxonomic units,OTUs）数量和多样性指数较高。4个水库菌群组成有一定的共性,在门分类阶元上优势菌为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;在纲分类阶元上优势菌为黄杆菌纲（Flavobacteriia）;在属分类阶元上优势菌为黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）。然而各水库菌群组成也存在较大差异,在变形菌门中,γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）的相对丰度在MGW和BYW较高,α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacterial）和β-变形菌纲（Betaproteobacteria）分别于AJW和KCW具有较高丰度;芽孢杆菌纲（Bacilli）在AJW和MGW具有较高丰度;相对丰度较高的菌属还包括AJW的动性杆菌属（Planomicrobium）、KCW的马赛菌属（Massilia）、MGW的不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和动性杆菌属以及BYW的假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）;另外,AJW特有多种丰度较高的菌纲和菌属,其中微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）和CL500-29_marine_group均有利于水质和菌群多样性的维持。PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,4个水库菌群的多种代谢以及遗传信息处理、信号传递和细胞生长相关功能基因丰度较高,并含有环境异生物降解代谢相关基因,其中苯甲酸、氨基苯甲酸酯、氯烷烃和氯烯烃以及萘降解相关基因的相对丰度较高。以上结果提示,天山北麓中段不同水库菌群组成存在差异,其与水源、周边环境和人类活动等因素相关。水库菌群含有芳香族和有机氯等化合物降解相关基因,其可在污染物的降解和生物修复中发挥作用。     

苹果根际自毒物质降解菌的筛选鉴定及降解特性研究

【目的】从苹果根际土壤筛选苹果根系自毒物质降解细菌,并探究分离菌株对根皮苷、邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸以及焦性没食子酸的降解能力。【方法】分别采用邻苯二甲酸、焦性没食子酸为唯一碳源富集并筛选其降解菌株。通过对分离菌株的生理生化特征测定及16S r RNA基因序列分析,采用MEGA 5构建系统发育树,进行菌株鉴定。采用紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法测定分离菌株对4种自毒物质的降解能力。【结果】共分离5株有降解能力的细菌,编号为BL1、BL2、BL3、BJ1和BJ2,经鉴定BL1为钩虫贪铜菌Cupriavidus necator,BL2为生脂固氮螺菌Azospirillum lipoferum,BL3为氧化烃微杆菌Microbacterium hydrocarbonoxydans,BJ1为Paenibacillus phyllosphaerae,BJ2为Ochrobactrum cytisi。BL1、BL2、BL3菌株对邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸、根皮苷、焦性没食子酸的降解率均高于50%。其中BL2菌株的降解效果最好,分别达到66%、72%、84%和84%。【结论】首次发现钩虫贪铜菌、生脂固氮螺菌和氧化烃微杆菌对4种自毒物质均具有很好的降解能力,对缓解自毒物质引起的连作障碍具有潜在的应用价值。     

恩诺沙星残留对土壤中反硝化细菌氧化二氮还原酶基因(nosZ)多样性的影响

为了解恩诺沙星在环境中残留对土壤微生物的影响,通过PCR扩增、基因克隆、RFLP分析法对恩诺沙星影响下的土壤反硝化细菌氧化二氮还原酶nosZ基因的分子多样性进行了研究。结果表明,恩诺沙星作用于土壤后第35天,ⅠⅥ组(Ⅰ组0μg/g、Ⅱ组0.01μg/g、Ⅲ组0.1μg/g、Ⅳ组1μg/g、Ⅴ组10μg/g、Ⅵ组50μg/g)的OTUs与克隆子的百分比分别为:48.30%、41.88%、34.78%、33.62%、25.42%、23.81%;第70天,ⅠⅥ组的OTUs与克隆子的百分比分别为:29.66%、24.24%、18.10%、16.67%、15.83%、14.39%。对照组多样性指数均高于添加药物组,第35天,对照组的M argalef指数与添加药物各组差异均显著(P0.05),第70天,仅与10μg/g和50μg/g两组差异显著;第35天,除了0.01μg/g组,对照组的Shannon-W iener指数与其他添加药物组差异均显著,第70天,仅与50μg/g组差异显著。由此可见,随着药物作用的时间延长,药物含量0.0110μg/g组土壤反硝化细菌的多样性与对照组之间的差异变小。     

DDT降解菌株Chryseobacterium sp. PYR2对小麦的促生作用及其机理

【背景】前期结果表明,DDT降解菌株Chryseobacterium sp. PYR2可高效去除土壤中的DDT等污染物,具有潜在的应用价值,但该菌对植物的影响尚不清楚。【目的】探讨菌株Chryseobacterium sp. PYR2对植物的促生作用及其机理,为后续开发DDT降解及植物促生双效功能菌剂提供理论依据。【方法】配制该菌株的不同梯度稀释菌悬液,用纸卷发芽法和盆栽法研究菌悬液对小麦种子萌发和植株生长的影响;Salkowski法测定PYR2合成吲哚-3-乙酸(Indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)量;单因素实验研究不同培养条件对菌株生长及IAA合成的影响;液相色谱-串联质谱-多反应监测(LC-MS/MS-MRM)方法分析IAA在PYR2菌体内的生物合成途径。【结果】PYR2菌悬液可明显提高小麦种子萌发率并促进小麦植株的生长,小麦的侧根数、株高、鲜重、干重等指标均明显提高。该作用是由于菌株PYR2可以合成植物生长激素IAA。最适IAA合成条件:温度30°C,pH 7.0-8.0,盐浓度0.5%,L-色氨酸50mg/L。代谢液中检测到色醇、色胺和吲哚-3-乙酰胺3种中间代谢产物,推测PYR2体内存在3条IAA合成途径,分别为吲哚-3-丙酮酸(IPy A)、TAM和IAM途径。【结论】菌株PYR2对小麦具有明显的促生效果,是由于其具有多条高效合成IAA的代谢途径,表明其在农药污染土壤的生物修复及作物种植中具有潜在的应用前景。     

内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌CC09产Iturin A摇瓶发酵条件优化

【目的】提高内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌CC09发酵产抗菌脂肽Iturin A的产量。【方法】首先采用单因子实验研究了碳源、氮源、NaCl浓度、pH、温度、转速和装液量等因子对CC09产Iturin A能力的影响,然后对其中显著性因子:氮源浓度、pH、温度及装液量4个因素进行正交实验,进一步优化发酵条件。【结果】优化培养基组成及发酵条件可以提高CC09菌株的生长速度及产Iturin A的量,其中可溶性淀粉以及一定比例的蛋白胨和酵母粉是CC09菌株产Iturin A的良好碳源和氮源;培养温度、装液量、培养液pH等也对CC09菌株产Iturin A有显著影响。优化后的培养基成分:可溶性淀粉(碳源)5 g/L、比例为3:1的胰蛋白胨酵母粉混合氮源15 g/L、NaCl 1 g/L;最佳培养条件:pH 6.0、28°C、摇床转速120 r/min、培养瓶装液量20%。【结论】在此条件下,Iturin A的产量可达到690 mg/L,较优化前的138 mg/L提高了4倍。     

MreB5 Is a Determinant of Rod-to-Helical Transition in the Cell-Wall-less Bacterium Spiroplasma

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云南芒果采后炭疽病病原菌的鉴定及室内生防菌的筛选

随着对云南芒果需求量的增加,其种植面积日趋扩大,并不断引入新品种,这也导致云南省芒果炭疽病害发生日趋加重。为了有针对性地开展芒果炭疽病的生物防治,采用组织块分离法分离芒果采后炭疽病病原菌,通过形态学观察初步鉴定,并遵循柯赫氏法则对病原菌进行验证。随后,利用rDNA-ITS序列和系统发育树分析明确病原菌的分类学地位。最后,采用5种生防细菌对病原菌进行拮抗试验。通过对芒果采后炭疽病病原菌进行分离鉴定,确定胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)是引起云南芒果采后炭疽病的病原菌,该菌株内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)序列长度为536 bp,登录号为MH744668;5株生防细菌对芒果炭疽病病原菌都有一定的抑菌作用,具有较好的生防开发潜能,其中抗生素溶杆菌L-44的抑菌效果最好,抑制率达53.7%。研究结果为云南省芒果采后病害的生物防治提供了新的思路。     

Biosynthesis,characterization and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles by a halotolerant Bacillus endophyticus SCU-L

Abstract

We have conducted a thorough study on extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by a halotolerant bacterium Bacillus endophyticus SCU-L, which was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. This strain was selected during an ongoing research programme aimed at finding a novel biological method for green nanosynthetic routes using the extremophiles in unexplored hypersaline habitats. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized and analyzed with UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Further, the AgNPs were found to be spherical in shape with an average particle size of about 5.1?nm, and it was stable in aqueous solution for three months period of storage at room temperature under dark condition. Also, the synthesized AgNPs significantly presented antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. The above results suggested that the present work may provide a valuable reference and theoretical basis for further exploration on microbial biosynthesis of AgNPs by halotolerant bacteria.     

Draft Genome Sequence of Amphibacillus jilinensis Y1T,a Facultatively Anaerobic,Alkaliphilic and Halotolerant Bacterium

The genus Amphibacillus was established in 1990, and seven additional species were described in the past two decades. Amphibacillus jilinensis Y1^T is a facultatively anaerobic and alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from a soda lake in China. Here we describe the structural and genetic features of the draft genome about the type strain Y1^T (3,831,075 bp, with a G+C content of 37.27%). This is the first genome report of the Amphibacillus genus.     

Crystal structure of the capsular polysaccharide synthesizing protein CapE of Staphylococcus aureus

Enzymes synthesizing the bacterial CP (capsular polysaccharide) are attractive antimicrobial targets. However, we lack critical information about the structure and mechanism of many of them. In an effort to reduce that gap, we have determined three different crystal structures of the enzyme CapE of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. The structure reveals that CapE is a member of the SDR (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase) super-family of proteins. CapE assembles in a hexameric complex stabilized by three major contact surfaces between protein subunits. Turnover of substrate and/or coenzyme induces major conformational changes at the contact interface between protein subunits, and a displacement of the substrate-binding domain with respect to the Rossmann domain. A novel dynamic element that we called the latch is essential for remodelling of the protein–protein interface. Structural and primary sequence alignment identifies a group of SDR proteins involved in polysaccharide synthesis that share the two salient features of CapE: the mobile loop (latch) and a distinctive catalytic site (MxxxK). The relevance of these structural elements was evaluated by site-directed mutagenesis.