黄土高原荒坡与林地土壤水分变化规律研究

为探讨黄土高原有、无林地土壤水分全年变化规律之异同,在黄土高原半湿润区,采用中子水分测定仪定位测定方法,对无林沟坡（荒坡）与林地土壤水分储量变化进行了连续３年的定点测定,结果表明,在０－３２０ｃｍ的测定深度内,阴坡上、下部与阳坡下部荒坡土壤储水增量分别为－１６５．７ｍｍ、－１１５．２ｍｍ和－７４．９ｍｍ;阴坡上部的油松林地,在０－３２０ｃｍ深度内,林地却在林木每年蒸腾消耗大量水分（达３８０ｍｍ以上     

贵阳市大气降水中汞的分布特征

于2008年7-9月对贵阳市中心城区采集的21个大气降水进行了总汞、甲基汞及阴、阳离子浓度的测定,分析了大气降水中总汞与阴阳离子间的相互关系.结果表明:大气降水中总汞的平均含量为18 ng·L-1,变化范围为0.4～57.4 ng·L-1;甲基汞的平均含量为0.07 ng·L-1,变化范围为0.02～0.2 ng·L-1.大气降水中的阴离子以SO2-4和NO-3为主,其浓度平均值分别为151和145 mol·L-1;阳离子主要以Ca2+为主,平均浓度达到了123 mol·L-1,变化范围为3.7～560 mol·L-1,其次是NH4+和Mg2+,其浓度平均值分别为52.2和20.4 mol·L-1.通过分析降水中总汞和阴阳离子之间的相互关系,发现总汞和阴离子SO2-4具有显著的相关性,与F-有一定的相关性,而与NO-3不具有相关性.由此初步判定,大气降水中的总汞主要来源于燃煤等人为释放源.     

汞对水稻幼苗部分生理生化指标的影响

目的:探究Hg2 对水稻幼苗生长的影响。方法:通过水培实验,研究分析了水稻幼苗在不同浓度Hg2 (0~2.0mmol/L)胁迫下株高、鲜重、叶绿素含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化。结果:表明0.05mmol/L的Hg2 短时间内对水稻幼苗生长有一定的促进作用,高于0.05mmol/L的处理,随着Hg2 浓度的增加,植株生长明显受到限制。当Hg2 浓度≤0.1mmol/L时,POD活性先上升后下降,而Hg2 浓度≥0.5mmol/L时则持续降低。结论:Hg2 对水稻幼苗生长抑制程度与处理浓度和处理时间成正相关。     

环境无机汞对泥鳅视网膜S100表达影响

用含低浓度Hg2 的水饲养泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus),研究Hg2 污染对视网膜中S100免疫反应阳性结构数量及分布的影响。用免疫组织化学ABC法标记S100免疫阳性(S100-IR)细胞,显微镜下观察S100免疫反应阳性细胞并计数。结果显示,处理组S100首先在神经节细胞层(GCL)、神经纤维层(NFL)表达,然后逐渐在其他各层表达。与对照组相比,处理组S100免疫反应阳性细胞数显著增多,且该变化与环境中无机汞处理时间成正相关;阳性细胞胞体明显膨胀,突起稠密粗大,S100阳性反应强。研究提示,Hg2 的神经毒害作用导致泥鳅视网膜中S100-IR细胞数的增多。推测Hg2 污染可能对视网膜有伤害性影响,而神经胶质细胞在视网膜修复过程中起了重要作用。     

长吻鮠的卵巢发育和周年变化及繁殖习性研究

本文报道了长吻卵巢发育与周年变化特点和繁殖习性。依外形和组织学特征,性成熟前至性成熟鱼卵巢的发育可分为卵原细胞期、单层滤泡期、卵黄泡期,卵黄充满期、成熟期和退化期６个时期,Ⅰ期性腺只存在于１龄内个体,Ⅱ期性腺持续２年左右,性成熟前发育至Ⅲ期,经Ⅳ、Ⅴ期发育至成熟并首次参与繁殖,最小性成熟个体３龄。性成熟后个体卵巢的发育只有后５个时期。繁殖期４—６月,产后卵巢很快退回到Ⅱ期,Ⅲ期卵巢越冬。一次产卵类型。卵壳膜源于滤泡细胞。卵粒的退化吸收分５步完成。     

Food‐web structure and mercury dynamics in a large subarctic lake following multiple species introductions

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Global change‐driven effects on dissolved organic matter composition: Implications for food webs of northern lakes

Northern ecosystems are experiencing some of the most dramatic impacts of global change on Earth. Rising temperatures, hydrological intensification, changes in atmospheric acid deposition and associated acidification recovery, and changes in vegetative cover are resulting in fundamental changes in terrestrial–aquatic biogeochemical linkages. The effects of global change are readily observed in alterations in the supply of dissolved organic matter (DOM)—the messenger between terrestrial and lake ecosystems—with potentially profound effects on the structure and function of lakes. Northern terrestrial ecosystems contain substantial stores of organic matter and filter or funnel DOM, affecting the timing and magnitude of DOM delivery to surface waters. This terrestrial DOM is processed in streams, rivers, and lakes, ultimately shifting its composition, stoichiometry, and bioavailability. Here, we explore the potential consequences of these global change‐driven effects for lake food webs at northern latitudes. Notably, we provide evidence that increased allochthonous DOM supply to lakes is overwhelming increased autochthonous DOM supply that potentially results from earlier ice‐out and a longer growing season. Furthermore, we assess the potential implications of this shift for the nutritional quality of autotrophs in terms of their stoichiometry, fatty acid composition, toxin production, and methylmercury concentration, and therefore, contaminant transfer through the food web. We conclude that global change in northern regions leads not only to reduced primary productivity but also to nutritionally poorer lake food webs, with discernible consequences for the trophic web to fish and humans.     

Ten years primary succession on a newly created landfill at a lagoon of the Mediterranean Sea (Lake Burullus RAMSAR site)

This study was carried out on the transported bed soil dredged from the outlet of Lake Burullus to the Mediterranean Sea and deposited nearby, forming by this way new land that underwent a primary plant succession. The multi-methodological approach comprised floristic inventories, vegetation sampling and soil composition analyses of the study site in order to detect the crucial parameters controlling the plant resettlement on recently deposited soil as related to time, local micro-topography and substrate characteristics. Floristic composition was assessed for the first 10 years of primary succession (2001–2010) on 18 stands of the area, distributed on basement, slope stands and plateau of the landfill, respectively. Vegetation surveys were the basis of multivariate analyses of the vegetation and soil data using TWINSPAN, DCA and CCA. Relationships between the edaphic gradients, floristic composition and species diversity were assessed.     

Post-translational modifications in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity

Mercury (Hg) exposure remains a major public health concern due to its widespread distribution in the environment. Organic mercurials, such as MeHg, have been extensively investigated especially because of their congenital effects. In this context, studies on the molecular mechanism of MeHg-induced neurotoxicity are pivotal to the understanding of its toxic effects and the development of preventive measures. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation are essential for the proper function of proteins and play important roles in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. The rapid and transient nature of many PTMs allows efficient signal transduction in response to stress. This review summarizes the current knowledge of PTMs in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity, including the most commonly PTMs, as well as PTMs induced by oxidative stress and PTMs of antioxidant proteins. Though PTMs represent an important molecular mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis and are involved in the neurotoxic effects of MeHg, we are far from understanding the complete picture on their role, and further research is warranted to increase our knowledge of PTMs in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.     

大口黑鲈的卵巢发育周年变化及反季节繁殖研究

文章研究了华中地区池塘养殖大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)卵巢的发育规律, 分析了水温与光照条件变化对卵巢发育的影响, 探究了大口黑鲈反季节繁殖的方法, 旨在充分利用本地区的气候条件, 化劣势为优势, 从根本上解决本地大口黑鲈产业所面临的问题。实验采用形态学、组织学等方法比较分析了大口黑鲈卵巢发育特征, 采用人工控温和人工促熟的方法探究了温度和性激素对大口黑鲈性腺启动发育的影响。研究发现, 华中地区大口黑鲈雌鱼性腺指数(GSI)周年变化在0.63%—7.95%, 10月中旬至12月初水温由20.6℃降至11.0℃期间, 卵巢开始发育至Ⅲ期, 并以Ⅲ期越冬, 至4月中旬繁殖产卵, 5月底结束, 繁殖前约80%的雌鱼绝对繁殖力在4.5万—6.5万粒, 但受水温升高的影响, 卵巢中15%成熟卵母细胞未能产出而逐步退化, 产卵结束时仍有一半以上卵未产出(GSI为4.6%); 雌鱼GSI与肠系膜脂肪系数(MFI)、肝体比(HSI)在10月份至次年4月份呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 表明在此期间, 机体储存的营养物质部分转移至性腺, 优先保证性腺发育。在大口黑鲈反季节繁殖实验中, 采用井水[水温(20±1)℃]降温和控温处理的方法能够促进大口黑鲈性腺的启动发育, 经过3个月处理, 控温组雌鱼卵巢发育至Ⅳ期末, GSI达到4.06%, 而对照组雌鱼卵巢处于Ⅲ期, GSI为2.52%, 两组差异显著(P<0.05), 两组雄鱼精巢均发育至Ⅳ期末, 控温组GSI达0.89%, 对照组为0.73%, 这表明可以通过温度处理来调控大口黑鲈性腺的发育。最后针对反季节繁殖中亲本的培育方法和处理时间等进行了总结, 以期为后续培育反季节大口黑鲈提供依据。