PI法和Annexin V／PI法检测蓝舌病毒HbC3诱导人肝癌细胞的凋亡

利用流式细胞仪比较PI法和AnnexinV/PI法检测不同时间人肝癌细胞感染蓝舌病毒HbC3的凋亡率分析。结果:PI法在24h、36h、48h的凋亡率分别为10.8±3.05、21.7±6.28、28.3±10.6;AnnexinV/PI法的凋亡率分别为20.42±3.70、49.3±8.11、79.6±11.5。二种方法及不同时间感染病毒细胞的凋亡率之间有显著差异(P<0.01)。证明了AnnexinV/PI法能特异地、准确地检出早期凋亡的细胞、继发性坏死的细胞,BTV-HbC3诱导Hep-3B细胞凋亡是致肿瘤细胞病变、死亡的重要表现形式之一。     

Detection of apoptotic cell death in the thymus of dexamethasone treated rats using [<Superscript>123</Superscript>I]Annexin V and in situ oligonucleotide ligation

In the present study we aimed to establish an animal model of dexamethasone (DEX)-induced apoptosis in the thymus of rats. The degree of apoptosis was determined in the same animals at 6 and 11 h after a single administration of DEX (5 mg/kg, ip) by (a) in vivo biodistribution of the uptake of [¹²³I]Annexin V, a biomarker of the early stages of apoptosis; (b) in vitro evaluation of the apoptotic index (percentage of number of apoptotic cells versus total number of cells) in the form of DNA fragmentation, on tissue sections using in situ oligo ligation (ISOL). ISOL demonstrated a 62- and 90-fold increase of apoptotic index at 6 and 11 h after DEX administration respectively, in the outer part of the thymic lobule (cortex) and a 25- and 54-fold increases in the inner part of the thymic lobule (medulla) in the corresponding treatment groups. In the biodistribution study, [¹²³I]Annexin V uptake was significantly increased in the thymus of rats 11 h after DEX administration (by 1.3- to 1.4-fold) and significantly decreased at the 6-h time point. We conclude that the specificity of the apoptotic signal provided by isotopic methods in vivo would always require confirmation by complementary in vitro techniques that verify the assessment of ongoing apoptosis accurately.     

Overexpression of annexin a1 induced by terephthalic acid calculi in rat bladder cancer

Prolonged cell proliferation in response to irritation by bladder calculi can evoke malignant transformation of the urothelium. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for calculi-associated bladder carcinogenesis are unknown. We compared the protein expression pattern of rat bladder transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) induced by terephthalic acid with that of normal bladder tissues using 2-DE. Comparative analysis of the respective spot patterns on 2-DE showed 146 spots that were markedly changed in TCC samples. Subsequently, 56 of the variant protein spots were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Among them, overexpression of annexin a1 (ANNA1) in rat TCCs was confirmed by Western blotting and real-time RT-PCR analysis. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that ANNA1, usually a cytoplasmic protein in normal urothelium, was translocated to the nucleus in rat bladder cancer cells. In contrast to the animal studies, examination of human clinical specimens showed that ANNA1 expression was reduced in TCC compared to normal urothelium. The expression of ANNA1 was inversely related to the level of differentiation of TCC. Our data suggest that overexpression of ANNA1 is involved in bladder carcinogenesis induced by bladder calculi and that translocation of the protein may be partly responsible for the effect. ANNA1 may serve as a new marker of differentiation for the histopathological grading of human TCC.     

A novel retinoid binding property of human annexin A6

Vitamin A (all-trans retinol) and all-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) interacted with human annexin A6 (AnxA6) as evidenced by AnxA6-induced blue shift of retinoid absorption maxima, by AnxA6-Trp fluorescence quenching and by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer from a Trp residue of AnxA6 to retinol. In addition, both retinoids stimulated the calcium-dependent binding of AnxA6 to liposomes, accompanied by oligomerization of AnxA6. Up to our knowledge, it is a first report supporting the hypothesis of a direct implication of AnxA6 in vitamin A-dependent tissue mineralization.     

A novel peptide sansalvamide analogue inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth through G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest

Patients with pancreatic cancer have little hope for cure because no effective therapies are available. Sansalvamide A is a cyclic depsipeptide produced by a marine fungus. We investigated the effect of a novel sansalvamide A analogue on growth, cell-cycle phases, and induction of apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. The sansalvamide analogue caused marked time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation of two human pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1 and S2-013). The analogue induced G0/G1 phase cell-cycle arrest and morphological changes suggesting induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis was confirmed by annexin V binding. This novel sansalvamide analogue inhibits growth of pancreatic cancer cells through G0/G1 arrest and induces apoptosis. Sansalvamide analogues may be valuable for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.     

转移潜能不同人肝癌细胞系差异蛋白Annexin1的功能解析

解析比较蛋白质组学筛出的差异蛋白Annexin1的生物学功能,证实其是否在肝癌转移复发中发挥作用. 分别以RT-PCR、蛋白质印迹及细胞免疫化学对差异蛋白Annexin1在转移潜能不同人肝癌细胞系中的表达情况进行再验证,然后构建Annexin1反义表达质粒,转染高转移潜能人肝癌细胞系MHCC97H,通过对MHCC97H细胞的运动、侵袭、凋亡、生长周期、MMPs分泌、克隆形成等系列检测,观察目的蛋白表达降低对其生物学行为的影响,特别是转移特性的影响. 验证结果均证实Annexin1在有转移潜能人肝癌细胞系MHCC97L、MHCC97H中呈高表达. 转染Annexin1反义重组表达质粒后,MHCC97H细胞中Annexin1的表达被成功抑制. 依据MHCC97H/pcDNA3.1(+) AS Annexin1,MHCC97H/ pcDNA3.1(+),MHCC97H的检测排序,转染反义重组质粒后的MHCC97H细胞穿过上室底膜的细胞数 (运动实验) 分别为：11.13±3.31,18.88±2.03,21.86±3.38;穿过人工基底膜细胞数 (侵袭实验) 分别是：16.43±2.23,16.40±1.57,16.86±1.52;细胞平均集落形成率 (克隆形成实验) 分别为：(14.33±0.46)%,(19.35±0.49)%,(20.25±0.35)%;MHCC97H细胞凋亡比例 (FCM分析) 依次为22.2%,6.44%,6.97%;细胞周期各时相的比例依次为：G0-G1期79.5%/76.34%/80.5%,S期13.26%/14.4%/9.69% ,G2-M期7.25%/9.26%/9.81%;细胞培养上清MMP9的定量结果依次为：26.37 μg/L,28.00 μg/L,31.90 μg/L;MMP2定量结果依次为29.46 μg/L,26.37 μg/L,26.53 μg/L. 明胶酶谱分析细胞培养上清显示,转染Annexin1反义重组表达质粒的MHCC97H细胞分泌的MMP9活性与对照比变化不明显. 综合上述结果发现,转染Annexin1反义表达质粒MHCC97H细胞运动能力及集落形成率明显降低,凋亡细胞的比例增加,而侵袭潜能,细胞周期时相,细胞分泌MMP2、MMP9的量均变化不明显. 提示,差异蛋白Annexin1可能通过影响细胞凋亡和细胞运动在肝癌细胞侵袭转移过程中发挥作用.     

The Aspergillus niger annexin, anxC3.1 is constitutively expressed and is not essential for protein secretion

An annexin, anxC3.1, was isolated and characterised from the industrially important filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. anxC3.1 is a single copy gene encoding a 506 amino acid predicted protein which contains four annexin repeats. Disruption of the anxC3.1 gene did not lead to any visible changes in phenotype, nor in the levels of secreted protein, nor specifically in glucoamylase production, suggesting no major role in secretion. anxC3.1 expression was found to be unaltered under a variety of conditions such as increased secretion, altered nitrogen source, heat shock, and decreased Ca2+ levels, indicating that anxC3.1 is constitutively expressed. This is the first reported functional characterisation of a fungal annexin.     

Macrophage recognition of externalized phosphatidylserine and phagocytosis of apoptotic Jurkat cells--existence of a threshold

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is predominantly confined to the inner leaflet of plasma membrane in cells, but it is externalized on the cell surface during apoptosis. This externalized PS is required for effective phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Because PS trans-bilayer asymmetry is not absolute in different types of nonapoptotic cells, we hypothesized that the amounts of externalized PS may be critical for macrophage discrimination between apoptotic and nonapoptotic cells. We developed a sensitive electron paramagnetic resonance method to quantify the amounts of externalized PS based on specific binding of paramagnetic annexin V-microbead conjugates with PS on cell surfaces. Using this technique, we found that nonapoptotic Jurkat cells externalize 0.9 pmol of endogenous PS/10(6) Jurkat cells. For cells with different amounts of integrated exogenous PS on their surface, no phagocytic response was observed at PS levels <5 pmol/10(6) Jurkat cells; at higher PS concentrations, phagocytosis increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Apoptosis in Jurkat cells caused externalization of approximately 240 pmol PS/10(6) Jurkat cells; these amounts of externalized PS are manyfold higher than the threshold amounts of PS required for phagocytosis. Thus, macrophages have a sensitivity threshold for PS externalized on the cell surface that provides for reliable recognition and distinction between normal cells with low contents of externalized PS and apoptotic cells with remarkably elevated PS levels.     

Identification of the First Fungal Annexin: Analysis of Annexin Gene Duplications and Implications for Eukaryotic Evolution

Annexin homologues have been found in animals, plants, and distinct protist lineages. We report the identification of the first fungal annexin, encoded by the anx14 gene of the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora crassa. Annexins have a complex evolutionary history and exhibit a large number of gene duplications and gene losses in various taxa, including the complete loss of annexin sequences from another ascomycete, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Surprisingly, the N. crassa annexin homologue is most closely related to the annexin homologue of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, suggesting a phylogenetic link between cellular slime molds and true fungi. Both of these annexin homologues are closely related to the family of annexin homologues present in animals, an observation consistent with the existence of the animal–fungal clade. These data further suggest that the gene duplications that generated the family of annexin sequences present in animals, fungi, and slime molds began prior to the divergence of these taxa. Received: 10 December 1997 / Accepted: 17 April 1998     

Association of hepatitis B virus polymerase with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies mediated by the S100 family protein p11

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase (Pol) interacts with cellular chaperone proteins and thereby performs multiple functions necessary for viral replication. Yeast two-hybrid analysis was applied to identify additional cellular targets required for HBV Pol function. HBV Pol interacted with S100A10 (p11), a Ca(2+)-modulated protein previously shown to bind to annexin II. The interaction between HBV Pol and p11 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation of the two proteins synthesized either in vitro or in transfected cells and by inhibition of the DNA polymerase activity of HBV Pol by p11. Immunofluorescence analysis of transfected human cell lines revealed that, although most HBV Pol and p11 was restricted to the cytoplasm, a small proportion of each protein colocalized as nuclear speckles; HBV Pol was not detected in the nucleus in the absence of p11. The HBV Pol-p11 nuclear speckles coincided with nuclear bodies containing the promyelocytic leukemia protein PML. Furthermore, the association of HBV Pol-p11 with PML was increased by exposure of cells to EGTA and inhibited by valinomycin. These results suggest a role for p11 in modulation of HBV Pol function and implicate PML nuclear bodies and intracellular Ca(2+) in viral replication.