莲种子的耐热性及抗氧化酶活性

莲种子具有抗超高温的能力,在100℃保温24 h仍然保持100% 的发芽率,萌发后能长出外观正常的幼苗,但种子活力则较大幅度的下降.莲子在 110℃下保温24 h后还保持40%的发芽率,但萌发时由于子叶腐烂而不能成苗.莲种子发育过程中,胚轴超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性不断升高;胚轴过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在20 DAP达到最高,随后下降;胚轴中抗坏血酸从发育初期直至完全成熟期持续积累,直到完全成熟期.胚轴酶提取液经100℃煮5 min后,CAT和POD的活性全部丧失,而SOD活性仍很高,经100℃煮60 min后SOD原有活性只丧失1/3.     

莲藕研究进展

综述了莲藕在分类、生长发育、遗传育种、组织培养、生理学特性等方面的研究进展.     

莲胚子叶中维管束的发育和传递细胞

莲子叶组织中的维管束均等的分布于两瓣子叶里,形成１周。筛分子由２个维管束母细胞分裂而来。维管束无形成层,无导管,也不具有螺纹管胞,呈有筛分子。子叶维管不好育成熟约在受一的２０天,成熟时细胞核消失,次生壁向内延伸,筛管分子的细胞壁形成网纹结构。子叶组织中传递细胞在物质分布广泛,传递细胞首选发生于维管束的末和边缘,其细胞壁内突,显极性生长。表面积与体积的比值有利于昨管的装载,同时在物质运输的受体和供体     

莲种胚在温度胁迫下的逆境生理研究

为明确莲种胚对不同温度胁迫的耐受能力,探索莲种胚细胞在逆境胁迫下的生理响应规律,该研究以成熟莲子为材料,从形态学、抗性生理和抗氧化相关基因表达定量3个层面进行了研究。结果表明：(1)莲子对于高温与超低温具有较好的胁迫耐受能力,经70℃高温与-196℃超低温处理后,其发芽率和种芽长相比对照组无显著变化;80℃及以上的高温处理会使莲种胚吸水萌发迟缓,发芽率降低50%及以上,种芽萌发变慢。(2)高温处理后,莲种胚细胞中抗氧化酶活性随吸水萌发过程呈上升趋势,非酶促抗氧化剂含量下降,细胞膜脂过氧化程度逐渐减轻,质膜完整性有所恢复。(3)高温处理下,莲种胚氧化应激相关基因(DHN Rab18、Cu/Zn SOD、Mn SOD、POD41、POD73、CAT1、GR、APX)积极参与胁迫响应,出现不同程度的上调表达,100℃处理组中DHN Rab18、Cu/Zn SOD、POD41、GR与APX上调表达幅度较大。综上结果认为,莲种胚具有良好的高温与低温胁迫耐受性,在不同温度胁迫下抗氧化系统与抗逆保护类蛋白对维持莲种胚的细胞活力可能发挥重要保护作用。     

古DNA及其在生物系统与进化研究中的应用

古DNA是指从已经死亡的古代生物的遗体和遗迹中得到的DNA.本文回顾了近20年古DNA研究所经历的3个阶段,从早期参与研究的科学家较少并主要利用克隆技术,到后来由于PCR技术的出现以及提取化石DNA技术的成熟从而出现大量有关古DNA的报道;近几年由于发现不少问题,并引起激烈的争论,科学家们因此而开始考虑古DNA的真实性问题,并且提出了开展古DNA研究的严格标准.本文还讨论了古DNA在人类起源、系统发育重建、动植物驯化及考古研究中的重要意义以及现状,表明古DNA的研究给某些原先的观点如人类的非洲起源说提供了重要证据,也对某些观点提出了挑战;古DNA研究还提供了某些已经灭绝生物的形态学和分子资料,为从序列上确定古代材料的系统位置并有效地补充仅用现代DNA建立起来的谱系提供了来自古生物的依据.在动植物驯化及考古方面,古DNA证据也为科学家提供了许多有价值的信息.最后,本文还对古DNA研究的应用前景进行了展望.     

青藏高原鱼类区系特征及其形成的地史原因分析

本文以作者大量实地考察资料为基础,对青藏高原鱼类区系特征进行深入分析和归纳,提出青藏高原鱼类6科26属114种的名录及各水系间鱼类共有属种的比较图。首先阐述了青藏高原鱼类区系组成的单纯性与复杂水系的概况,进而找出青藏高原与新疆等干旱地区间的鱼类区系和高原内部各水系间的鱼类区系的相互联系。第二部分,通过分布特征的分析确定青藏高原鱼类分布的三大特点,即在外泄河流上有明显的地理分界;在东南外围水域中呈点状分布,在垂直高度上有明显的地带性。最后,基于区系特征的分析,联系有关古地理、古气候和鱼类化石资料,探讨了形成青藏高原鱼类区系的地史原因。认为适应于温暖水域生活的原始鲃类和鳅类,在早第三纪时已广布于东亚和中亚地区。青藏高原现代鱼类区系不是由一个起源中心辐射或跨阻传布所形成的,而是通过喜马拉雅运动的三次重大地质历史事件产生隔离,导致青藏高原鱼类与其它地区鱼类的分离而形成的,其分别是:1.喜马拉雅地槽闭合引起“西康群山”再次隆起构成中亚与东亚鱼类区系的分离;2.喜马拉雅山隆起引起中亚与南亚鱼类区系间分离;3.阿尔金山等山脉再度隆起构成中亚地区青藏高原鱼类区系的分离,最后完成青藏高原这一独特的鱼类区系的雏形。 此外也论述了青藏高原鱼类区系东部分界线实际     

Strong influence of long-distance edge effect on herb-layer vegetation in forest fragments in an agricultural landscape

In agricultural landscapes in central Europe, species richness of the herbaceous plant community may be compromised by processes associated with forest fragmentation, habitat loss, and management practices. We examined variability in species richness and composition of the herbaceous layer in 229 plots located in 23 forest fragments (0.1 to 255 ha), in a representative upland agricultural landscape in central Bohemia, in relation to the most important site environmental factors, edge effects, and site history. The influence of environmental factors on the composition of vegetation in the herb layer was evaluated using generalized additive models, which enabled us to analyze highly non-linear and non-monotonic relationships. Total species richness and number of red-listed and ancient forest species were significantly influenced by type of forest vegetation, light quality, soil pH, slope aspect, and distance from the forest edge. Implications of the significant explanatory variables corresponded well to previous findings, with the exception of distance from the forest edge, for which we found a positive relationship with species richness for distances up to 200 m toward the forest interior. Plant species with low colonization ability occupied plots with increasing frequency from edge to forest interior, while fast-colonizing species showed the opposite trend. Apart from the edge effect, forest continuity should be considered for its important contribution to the richness of ancient forest and red-listed species, whereas the effect of forest fragment size appeared to be generally weak. These results do not negate the importance of large forest fragments for the maintenance of herb layer species richness, but specifically emphasize the essential contribution of the core habitats of these forests. In summary, we showed that the negative effects of habitat fragmentation on the richness of ancient forest and red-listed species and on herb layer species in total can be largely attributed to either the edge effect itself or to aggregate effects of forest edge and forest continuity.     

Seed bank and vegetation composition of forest stands of varying age in central Belgium: consequences for regeneration of ancient forest vegetation

Vegetation composition differs significantly between ancientand recent forest, due to slow colonization capacity of typical forest speciesand the higher abundance of early successional species in recent forest.However, little is known about differences in persistent seed bank compositionbetween ancient and recent forest and about the interaction between seed bankand vegetation in relation with forest age. We surveyed the seed bank and theunderstorey vegetationcomposition in transects from ancient to recent forest. Seed bank and fieldlayer vegetation characteristics and similarity between seed bank andvegetationwere analysed in relation to recent forest age and distance to the ancientforest. A total of 39 species and 14,911 seedlings germinated, whichcorresponds with a seed density of 12,426 seeds/m².Total seed density is significantly higher in the youngest recent forest parcel(55 years). Also the seed bank composition in the youngest forest parceldifferssignificantly from the other parcels. After a longer period of reforestation,the seed bank approaches that of the ancient forest, suggesting seed bankdepletion, although the seed bank is permanently replenished to some extent byseed bank forming species from local disturbances. Seed bank composition doesnot change significantly with distance to the ancient forest. Similaritybetween seed bank and vegetation composition, nomatter the forest age, is very low, but decreases with increasing forest age.The most frequent species in the vegetation are absent in the seed bank andvice versa. The contribution of forest species is highin the vegetation and they almost not occur in the seed bank, while species offorest edges and clearings, and species of disturbed environments are morefrequent in the seed bank. The seed bank is mainly composed of earlysuccessional species of former forest stages or species which temporary occurinsmall-scale disturbances. The seed bank may enhance the negative effects ofearlysuccessional, mainly competitive species to the forest species richness in therecent forest. In this respect, forest management should minimise forestdisturbances, to prevent germination of competitive species form buriedseeds.     

超声波法提取荷叶多酚工艺研究

研究利用超声波辅助提取荷叶中多酚类化合物的最佳条件,考察了超声作用时间、提取次数、料液比和乙醇体积分数等因素对荷叶多酚提取率的影响,并在单因素实验的基础上进行正交实验,确定其优化工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数60%,作用时间15 m in,料液比为1:14,提取次数为4次。     

线粒体全基因组揭示嫩江流域史前人群遗传结构的动态变化

嫩江流域是中国东北地区古代先民的重要栖息地之一。自新石器时代开始这里的先民一直以渔猎经济为主要生活方式,直到新石器时代晚期至早期青铜时代才开始兼营畜牧业和少量的种植业。嫩江流域青铜时代的生业模式的转变是否伴随着外来人群的融合与替代一直是考古研究的热点。为了探讨嫩江流域新石器时代与青铜铁器时代人群的构成是否改变,我们对嫩江流域新石器时代至青铜铁器时代的24个个体进行了线粒体全基因组分析。分析结果表明：嫩江流域青铜铁器时代人群与新石器时代人群具有一定遗传连续性的同时,晚期人群与西辽河地区古代人群有着更近的遗传联系,表明西辽河地区古代居民对嫩江流域青铜铁器时代人群具有部分遗传贡献。结合考古学文化、古气候学数据以及语言学证据,我们推测距今4000-3000年间,西辽河地区古代居民曾迁入到嫩江流域,并留下遗传印记。