宁夏黄河流域景观破碎化时空变化特征

基于RS和GIS技术,以土地利用数据为基础,采用有效粒度尺寸对宁夏黄河流域1985年和2010年的景观破碎化进行时空变化分析。结果显示:流域整体的有效粒度尺寸(meff)从1985年的6326.62 km2下降到2010年的2974.32 km2,破碎化程度呈显著加剧变化;从流域内部来看,景观破碎化程度最大的是黄左区间,破碎化程度最小的是苦水河和红柳沟;除引黄区间外,其余分区景观破碎化程度在25年间均有所加剧。特征尺度分析结果显示研究区景观破碎化空间变异分析的合适尺度为4500 m;景观破碎化指数的空间变异结果表明破碎化程度较大的区域面积明显多于破碎化程度弱的区域,景观破碎化空间异质性在25年间表现出明显的上升趋势。在海拔背景条件下,2400 m以下区域的景观破碎化程度较高,2400m以上区域破碎化程度较低,且随海拔的升高有降低的趋势;流域景观破碎化受人为干扰影响强烈,在人为干扰较强的1000—1500 m区段的景观破碎化程度最大;景观破碎化在时间上的变化受人为干扰影响产生的变化最为显著,由自然条件改变产生的影响有限。研究结果可为西北地区景观格局及景观破碎化的研究提供参考,并为区域景观格局优化和土地的有效管理提供依据。     

浑河流域2010-2014年的鱼类群落和水生态健康变化分析

为了解浑河流域鱼类群落结构的变化趋势和水生态健康变化,分别于2010年和2014年对浑河流域46个采样点进行了鱼类和环境因子调查。其中2010年采集到鱼类15039尾,隶属于6目9科32种;2014年采集到鱼类10483尾,隶属于6目10科41种。Mann-Whitney U检验表明从2010年到2014年鱼类总物种数、香农多样性指数、底层物种数百分比、植食性和肉食性个体数百分比等鱼类特征参数显著上升。典型对应分析（CCA）结果表明,2010年显著影响鱼类群落结构的环境因子为流速、电导率、河流等级和钙离子浓度;而2014年显著影响鱼类群落结构的环境因子则为电导率、河流等级和氨氮浓度。2010年和2014年的鱼类完整性指数（FIBI）评分分别为48.7624.82和50.4117.35,与2010年的评价结果相比,2014年F-IBI结果稍有改善,其中极好和好的点位数分别少3个和1个,一般的点位数多9个,而极差和差的点位分别少4个和1个。     

黄河鲤性别决定时间和相关基因表达研究

鱼类性别决定和分化机制极为复杂,通过性腺组织切片鉴定得出黄河鲤从未分化性腺发育为Ⅱ期精巢、卵巢的时间为受精后第40天到第80天。选取一些可能参与黄河鲤性别决定分化相关的基因（amh、ar、cyp19a、cyp19b、dax1、dmrt1、er、foxl2、nobox、sox9a、sox9b、zp2）进行实时荧光定量PCR分析各个基因在受精后40d、45d、50d、55d、65d和80d的表达情况。结果显示性别决定相关基因在50d都有高表达,推测45-50 d为性别决定的关键时间。ar、amh、dax1、dmrt1、sox9a、sox9b六个基因在80d雄性表达量升高,且雄性明显高于雌性,推测这些基因参与精巢分化发育过程。cyp19a、cyp19b、foxl2、nobox、zp2五个基因在80d雌性表达升高,且高于雄性,推测其可能参与卵巢分化发育。     

The implementation of an environmental flow regime results in ecological recovery of regulated rivers

Environmental flows are the main restoration technique used to ameliorate the ecological effects of regulation in rivers. However, their effectiveness has yet to be unanimously accepted. This study assessed the potential ecological benefits of the application of an environmental flow regime downstream of four dams and two weirs in the Upper Nepean River system, Sydney, Australia. Aquatic macroinvertebrates in three habitat types were sampled at water‐supply and low‐flow sites and unregulated sites in 1995 and 1996, prior to the environmental flows and in 2013 and 2014, approximately 13 years following the environmental flows. The macroinvertebrate assemblage structure was significantly different between regulated and reference sites and the number of taxa lower at water‐supply sites prior to the implementation of the environmental flows. Following the environmental flows, the assemblage structure became more similar to, although still significantly different from, the unregulated sites and the number of taxa was not significantly different between regulated and unregulated sites. Thirteen or approximately 30% of taxa indicative of unregulated rivers increased in frequency at regulated sites following the environmental flows. Despite potentially similar dispersal capabilities the remainder of the taxa failed to respond the new flow regimes. The mechanisms resulting in recovery of some taxa but not others remain unclear and require further investigation as the basis of future research and monitoring. Such information and knowledge would support the application of future environmental flow regimes as the primary mechanism to ameliorate the ecological effects of river regulation.     

流域视野下梯田聚落的人居环境空间特征——以元江流域为例

针对村落人居环境研究过于注重村落本体的现状,以GIS的技术方法结合实地调研,选取梯田聚落所处的元江流域及典型样本大瓦遮河子流域为研究范围,探讨流域视野下人居环境空间的宏观与微观特征。结论如下：1）哀牢山区的崎岖山脉与密集水系造就了元江流域的格局,以水平、垂直特征奠定子流域尺度中梯田聚落的人居环境基础;2）大瓦遮河子流域的人居环境以“典型山地本底、帚状水系关联”为共性,在中低山区形成“面状森林核心、村落散布周边、旱地梯田混合”的彝族聚落区,在中山区形成“面状梯田核心、村落环绕周边、带状森林围合”的哈尼族聚落区,二者差异源自不同民族适应垂直分异效应的差异化农作策略;3）流域是人居环境研究的基本单元,超越村落本体之外的流域视野对复杂地理环境中的人居环境研究具有重要价值与普遍意义。     

Contrasting responses of intertidal microphytobenthos and phytoplankton biomass and taxonomic composition to the nutrient loads in the Jiulong River Estuary

Microphytobenthos (MPB) and phytoplankton are important primary producers in the estuarial ecosystem, and their functions are critical to the ecosystem's biodiversity and environmental safety. The aim of this study was to compare the response of MPB and phytoplankton to the nutrient loads in a eutrophic estuary, which has seldom been studied. We used high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and CHEMTAX software to examine the biomass and taxonomic composition of both MPB and phytoplankton at Da‐yu Island (DYI) and Ji‐yu Island (JYI) in the Jiulong River Estuary from July 2010 to March 2012. The results showed that MPB chlorophyll a was low in the summer and high in the winter at both DYI and JYI, indicating a unimodal pattern. However, the phytoplankton chlorophyll a showed a mirrored pattern. Diatoms were the dominant class in both benthic and pelagic environments. Although redundancy analysis indicated that the effects of different environmental factors could not be easily separated, it is likely that phosphate and temperature were the most important factors regulating the seasonal patterns of MPB and phytoplankton diatoms, respectively. MPB and phytoplankton cyanobacteria was co‐limited by salinity and temperature. The high N/P ratio and low phosphate favored chlorophytes and cyanobacteria. Our study demonstrates the use of HPLC and CHEMTAX in an integrated survey of the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of MPB and phytoplankton in an estuarial ecosystem. The contrasting responses of MPB and phytoplankton to nutrient loads indicate the critical role of MPB in subtropical estuarial ecosystem function. The relationship between nutrients and MPB may indicate a significant contribution to carbon and nutrient cycling.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Channa punctatus (Bloch) in river Ramganga (U.P.), India

Ganga is the largest riverine system of India with a fragile ecosystem. Its prone to anthropogenic disturbances because of its cultural, economic and environmental values. The contamination of river Ganga by heavy metals (HM) is due to biotic (anthropogenic sources) and abiotic (pesticides, fertilizers) sources that poses a devastating health hazard to human, plant and edible fish life. The chemical analysis with the help of atomic absorption spectrometer performed on its water samples demonstrated the accumulation of heavy metals such as Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn). Moreover, the spectrophotometric analysis indicated clearly the accumulation of heavy metals in order of occurrence (Fe > As > Cd > Zn > Pb) in liver and (Zn > Fe > As > Cd > Pb) in kidney of edible fish Channa punctatus. The present study has be used to sensitively monitor the extent of heavy metals pollution in the biotic aqua life of river Ramganga system and its suggested that the bioaccumulation of heavy metal in Channa punctatus has reached above permissible limits for human consumption, indicating potential health risks. Necessary biological steps should be taken to handle such food pollution and prevent the environmental risk and food chain disruption.     

Morphology and Phylogeny of Calyptospora paranaidji n. sp. (Eimeriorina: Calyptosporidae), an Apicomplexan Parasite of the Hepatic Tissue of Cichla piquiti Kullander & Ferreira, 2006, From a Reservoir in the Brazilian Amazon Region

The coccidians of the family Calyptosporidae are parasites of the tissue and organs of fish and aquatic invertebrates, in particular in the tropical region. In contrast with other apicomplexans of the suborder Eimeriorina, the diversity and ecology of the species of the genus Calyptospora have been poorly investigated, resulting in a lacuna that restricts the understanding of the distribution and prevalence of this group of eukaryote microparasites in the Amazon region. In the present study, the integrated comparative analysis of morphological characteristics, histological and structural traits, and the sequences of a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene, provides support for the identification of a new species of Calyptospora, found parasitizing the hepatic tissue of the piscivorous blue peacock bass, Cichla piquiti, captured in the reservoir of the Estreito hydroelectric dam on the middle Tocantins River in northern Brazil. This new species was named Calyptospora paranaidji n. sp.     

阿克苏河流域土壤湿度反演与监测研究

以新疆阿克苏河流域为研究区,以GF-1 WFV和Landsat8 OLI两种高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,结合102个不同深度层的土壤湿度实测数据,选择垂直干旱指数(PDI)、改进型垂直干旱指数(MPDI)和植被调整垂直干旱指数(VAPDI),对土壤湿度指数反演的效果进行比较和验证。结果表明,两种数据源下的PDI、MPDI、VAPDI与土壤湿度实测含水量的决定系数较高,尤其是0—10 cm的相关性最强,平均决定系数达到0.68,说明基于光学遥感影像近红外和红光波段反射率构建的反演指数对近地表层土壤湿度信息更敏感,但对地下较深层次的土壤湿度反演精度略低;MPDI和VAPDI能够在一定程度上克服混合像元对土壤湿度光谱信息的影响,反演的精度要比PDI高,尤其是高植被覆盖度区,采用垂直植被指数(PVI)修正的VAPDI反演精度最佳;基于两种遥感数据源的土壤湿度空间异质性基本一致,但空间分辨率较高的GF-1 WFV模拟的土壤湿度空间分异更加精细和明显。研究结果可为"一带一路"背景下干旱半干旱地区大范围和动态监测土壤湿度、开展定量节水灌溉等提供理论基础和实践参考。     

疏勒河流域气候变化和人类活动对植被NPP的相对影响评价

气候变化和人类活动是对陆地生态系统碳循环产生重要影响的两个因素,定量评估气候变化与人类活动对植被净初级生产力(NPP)的相对影响,对深入理解其驱动机制和控制荒漠化发展具有重要意义。以疏勒河流域为研究区,利用遥感和气象数据计算潜在NPP(PNPP)及其与实际NPP(ANPP)之间的差值,分别衡量了气候变化和人类活动对流域NPP的相对影响。研究结果表明:(1)2001—2015年疏勒河流域年ANPP整体呈缓慢增加趋势,与全国和西北地区相比,普遍较低,流域植被整体生产力水平不高。流域年ANPP空间分布呈现上游祁连山区和中下游绿洲区ANPP较高,而中下游荒漠戈壁区ANPP较低的分布格局。(2)2001—2015年流域年PNPP的变化趋势表明,降水量的变化是导致疏勒河流域植被退化加剧或缓解的主要气候驱动因素,但气温的变化对植被的影响较为复杂。(3)2001—2015年流域大部分地区植被退化系人类活动造成的,但人类活动的负向影响力在减弱。(4)气候变化和人类活动对植被NPP的相对影响均表现出明显的空间异质性,其中人类活动是疏勒河流域植被变化的主要驱动因素。