金沙江流域4种特有植物野生资源现状及受威胁等级评估

物种受威胁状况的及时评估是调整物种濒危状态,继而实施有效保护措施的重要依据。该文以金沙江流域特有植物贯叶马兜铃(Aristolochia delavayi)、旱地木槿(Hibiscus aridicola)、云南百部(Stemona mairei)和白魔芋(Amorphophallus albus)为调查评估对象,通过多年野外调查,依据《IUCN物种红色名录等级和标准: 3.1版》和《使用指南: 15.1版》对4物种的濒危现状进行了重新分析和评估。结果表明,在现有野生种群资源下贯叶马兜铃被列为易危(VU),旱地木槿和白魔芋被列为濒危(EN),云南百部为近危(NT)。与4物种现行濒危等级的比较表明,贯叶马兜铃的濒危等级由濒危降级为易危,旱地木槿由易危上调为濒危,白魔芋由近危上调为濒危,云南百部的濒危状态则维持不变。这为4种特有植物的野生资源现状了解、濒危状态更新以及适时调整有效保护策略提供了科学参考。     

Unusual metaxylem tracheids in petioles of Amorphophallus (Araceae) giant leaves

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Petioles of huge solitary leaves of mature plants of Amorphophallus resemble tree trunks supporting an umbrella-like crown. Since they may be 4 m tall, adaptations to water transport in the petioles are as important as adaptations to mechanical support of lamina. The petiole is a cylindrical shell composed of compact unlignified tissue with a honeycomb aerenchymatous core. In both parts numerous vascular bundles occur, which are unique because of the scarcity of lignified elements. In the xylemic part of each bundle there is a characteristic canal with unlignified walls. The xylem pecularities are described and interpreted. MATERIAL: Vascular bundles in mature petioles of Amorphophallus titanum and A. gigas plants were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS: The xylemic canal represents a file of huge metaxylem tracheids (diameter 55-200 microm, length >30 mm) with unlignified lateral walls surrounded by turgid parenchyma cells. Only their end walls, orientated steeply, have lignified secondary thickenings. The file is accompanied by a strand of narrow tracheids with lignified bar-type secondary walls, which come into direct contact with the wide tracheid in many places along its length. CONCLUSIONS: The metaxylem tracheids in A. petioles are probably the longest and widest tracheids known. Only their end walls have lignified secondary thickenings. Tracheids are long due to enormous intercalary elongation and wide due to a transverse growth mechanism similar to that underlying formation of aerenchyma cavities. The lack of lignin in lateral walls shifts the function of 'pipe walls' to the turgid parenchyma paving the tracheid. The analogy to carinal canals of Equisetum, as well as other protoxylem lacunas is discussed. The stiff partitions between the long and wide tracheids are interpreted as structures similar to the end walls in vessels.     

Histological observations of morphogenesis in petiole derived callus of Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu in vitro

The initiation and development of somatic embryos and organogenic shoots and corm-like structures (CLSs) from petiole-derived calli of Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu were observed histologically. The petioles were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5.37 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 4.44 μM N⁶-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) for callus induction. The shoot and corm organogenesis occurred from the compact calli when they were transferred to a medium containing 0.54 μM NAA and 4.44 μM 6-BA. A combination of 13.57 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 8.88 μM 6-BA or 24.18 μM NAA and 6.66 μM 6-BA was optimum for induction of somatic embryos, which failed to produce plantlets because of their structural abnormalities. Shoot regeneration predominantly happened through organogenesis although somatic embryogenesis infrequently occurred. The subepidermal cells of the compact callus converted to competent cells and started divisions, which resulted in formation of the meristemoids. The meristemoid cells continued division to develop into bud primordia. Subepidermal cells could also form the globular structures. Subsequently, these globoids developed into CLSs from which plantlets regenerated during subculture. Meanwhile, the CLSs were capable to form cormels, which could be a promising way for the propagation of A. rivieri.     

魔芋AaHSFB1基因及其启动子的克隆与功能分析

为了初步探究魔芋热激转录因子HSFB1基因及其启动子的功能,以白魔芋Amorphophallus albus为试材,利用同源克隆方法获得长度为1 365 bp的AaHSFB1基因序列。qRT-PCR结果表明：AaHSFB1基因对热胁迫较敏感,在根中的表达量表现出先升后降的趋势,并在热处理1 h时表达丰度最高;在热处理12 h时,叶片中的表达量也达到最高,在整个热处理时段内球茎中的表达量变化不大;亚细胞定位结果显示AaHSFB1定位于细胞核内。再利用FPNI-PCR法通过三轮步移扩增得到1 509 bp的AaHSFB1启动子序列。生物信息学分析表明：AaHSFB1含有热胁迫响应元件HSE及多种与植物发育及逆境应答相关的顺式作用元件。为进一步分析AaHSFB1启动子的功能,构建融合表达载体prAaHSFB1::GUS,利用农杆菌介导法转入拟南芥,热处理后对转基因拟南芥进行GUS组织化学染色鉴定,结果显示其表达部位主要在叶中。因此推测AaHSFB1可能在白魔芋抗外界逆境特别是热胁迫中起重要作用。     

魔芋丛生芽诱导成苗及生根技术研究

采用不同激素配方的1-9号培养基,探索了由魔芋丛生芽诱导试管苗的最佳培养基配方。试验结果表明:MS+6BA1.5 mg.L-1+NAA0.5 mg.L-1+IBA1.0 mg.L-1和MS+NAA1.0 mg.L-1+PP3331.0 mg.L-1两种培养基对于诱导出苗及生根效果最好,添加PP333不仅可加快出苗生根,还可促使试管苗矮壮。     

Morphogenetic pathway in petiole derived callus of Amorphophallus albus in vitro

Two different morphogenetic pathways, adventitious bud and corm-like structure (CLS), were observed on organogenic calli derived from the petioles of Amorphophallus albus in vitro. The organogenic calli was established via culture of petiole segments on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l⁻¹ α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1.0 mg l⁻¹ 6-benzyladenine (BA) and subculture of the petiole-derived calli on MS medium with 0.5 mg l⁻¹ NAA and 0.5 mg l⁻¹ BA. These organogenic calli were used to induce morphogenesis via culture on MS medium with various concentrations of NAA and BA. BA alone favoured adventitious bud differentiation (57.0 ± 8.3% at maximum) from the organogenic calli but inhibited CLS formation. In the presence of NAA and BA, both adventitious bud and CLS were observed in a same culture system. The maximum CLS formation (71.2 ± 9.3%) were found on MS medium with 0.5 mg l⁻¹ NAA and 2.0 mg l⁻¹ BA, associated with 26.7 ± 8.6% adventitious bud differentiation. A small part of the adventitious buds developed into normal shoots which needed rooting culture phase to form complete plants. About 80% survival rate was obtained with these plants after transplantation to soil. More than 90% of the CLSs produced complete plants with shoots and root systems, regardless of the rooting media tested. Transplantation of the CLS-derived plants to soil gave 100% survival rate. Histological observations revealed both the two morphogenetic events originated from the meristematic cells located in superficial layers of callus tissue.     

间作和净作条件下喜阴植物谢君魔芋的光合作用及光合诱导特征研究

为了解种植模式对谢君魔芋(Amorphophallus xiei)光合作用的影响,研究了间作和净作模式下谢君魔芋的光合作用和光合诱导特征。结果表明,间作模式下的谢君魔芋净光合速率(Pn)比净作模式的高18.97%,最大气孔导度(gs-max)比净作模式的小22.4%,且间作模式下谢君魔芋有较高的表观量子产额(AQY)、光饱和点(LSP)、羧化效率(CE)、叶绿素含量以及较小的暗呼吸速率(Rd)、光补偿点(LCP)、CO_2补偿点(Г*)。高光照诱导后,间作模式下的光合诱导状态(IS)大于净作模式,且在间作模式下光合诱导过程中达到最大光合速率(Pmax)和最大气孔导度(gs-max)的30%、50%所需时间较短;同时,光合诱导过程中达到Pmax和gs-max的30%、50%和90%的时间(t30%P、t50%P、t90%P和t30%gs、t50%gs、t90%gs)与gs-initial呈负相关关系。因此,玉米-魔芋间作下,谢君魔芋通过增大AQY和LSP、减小Rd和LCP等来提高光的利用能力及维持碳平衡;同时通过快速的光合诱导,提高对光斑的利用能力从而增加碳获得。     

外源激素对魔芋多叶、多球茎形成的影响

激素是调节植物生理活动的主要物质,6-BA、IBA、NAA、2,4-D、GA3等外源激素均能影响魔芋侧芽和根的分化, 形成多叶或多球茎,复合作用能够抑制或促进某些器官的分化,利用外源激素的作用,有意识地诱导多叶、多球茎,在栽培上 具有重要意义。     

不同光照条件下喜阴植物谢君魔芋对稳态和动态光源的响应特征

谢君魔芋(Amorphophallus xiei)是起源于云南西南地区热带雨林的典型喜阴植物,近年来得到了广泛种植和推广,在种植过程中,谢君魔芋需要采用遮荫栽培模式。为了揭示谢君魔芋对光照强度的适应策略,该研究探讨了生长在不同光照强度下(透光率为50%、29%、17%、7%)谢君魔芋叶片的光合作用特征、光合诱导特征、光合色素含量以及叶片氮素(N)含量和N分配。结果表明:随着生长环境光照强度的降低,单位叶面积和单位叶质量最大净光合速率、光合色素含量、最大羧化速率、最大电子传递速率及比叶面积均增大,而暗呼吸和光补偿点均减小。在光合诱导过程中,生长在透光率为17%光环境中的谢君魔芋完成50%光合诱导所需的时间最短,约为81.4 s;在光诱导进行10 min时,诱导状态最高,为87.3%。完成50%和90%光合诱导所需的时间与低光下初始气孔导度呈负相关关系。随着生长光照强度降低,叶片中的N分配到羧化组分和生物能转化组分中的比例先增大后减小,在透光率为17%的光环境下具有最大值;而叶片中的N分配到捕光色素组分中的比例随着生长环境光照强度降低而增加。该研究结果表明,喜阴植物谢君魔芋通过加强对低光和动态光源的利用能力及有效的N资源分配策略来适应低光照环境。     

基于层次分析法和GIS的秦岭地区魔芋潜在分布研究

魔芋(Amorphophallusrivieri)为我国传统的食用与药用植物,主产于秦岭以南地区。依据陕西秦岭地区28个魔芋分布点信息,利用秦岭地区45个气象台站1961—2010年气候资料、土壤数据(分辨率1 km)和DEM高程数据(分辨率30 m),结合前人研究,通过魔芋产量与环境指标的相关性分析,获取相关性显著的20个评价指标,包括气候指标13个、土壤指标4个和地形指标3个,运用GIS技术和多元回归模型对气候指标进行栅格化处理,基于层次分析法和加权平均法获得评价指标权重,建立陕西秦岭地区魔芋潜在种植分布模型,确定魔芋潜在种植的空间分布。结果显示:陕西秦岭地区魔芋最适宜种植区面积1 214.42 km2,占可种植区面积的10.18%;适宜种植区面积2 015.60 km2,占可种植区面积的16.90%;次适宜种植区面积3 115.03 km2,占可种植区面积的26.12%;不适宜种植区面积5 580.02 km2占可种植区面积的46.80%。适宜魔芋潜在种植区域主要分布在陕西汉中中南部、安康中南部以及商洛东南部。