宽瓣头细蛾形态及生物学特性研究

宽瓣头细蛾Epicephala lativalvaris Li, Wang & Zhang是最近发现在黑面神Breynia fruticosa和喙果黑面神B. rostrata上专性传粉的昆虫。通过野外观察宽瓣头细蛾的访花行为、 室内饲养宽瓣头细蛾幼虫及解剖黑面神和喙果黑面神果实, 首次对其个体发育过程中各虫态的形态特征及生活习性和生活史进行了详细研究。结果表明： 宽瓣头细蛾的生活史因气候的不同而出现差异, 其在福建厦门1年发生4~5代, 有4个羽化主要高峰期, 分别为5月上旬至中旬、 6月中旬至下旬、 8月及9月下旬至10月上旬, 11月中下旬有少数成虫羽化, 12月上旬至次年4月中旬以卵或蛹越冬; 而在海南鹦哥岭1年发生6代, 无越冬现象。成虫分别主动为黑面神或喙果黑面神传粉并将卵产于子房内, 幼虫以寄主植物种子为食, 需要消耗果实内全部6粒种子才能发育成熟, 但每个种群内留有20.37%~77.63%完好的果实, 以维持互利关系的稳定。两种植物的结实率近似, 但宽瓣头细蛾对喙果黑面神的果实危害率是黑面神的2.05倍。结果说明, 在宽瓣头细蛾 黑面神和喙果黑面神专性传粉互利共生关系中, 两种寄主植物所获得的利益近似, 但喙果黑面神为宽瓣头细蛾提供了更多的回报。研究结果为头细蛾属其他种类生物学特性的了解提供了借鉴, 并为探讨宽瓣头细蛾 黑面神和喙果黑面神专性传粉互利共生关系稳定性的维持机制提供了基本依据。     

NaCl‐induced accumulation of glycinebetaine in four subtropical halophytes from Pakistan

Variation in both the total content and the concentration of glycinebetaine in response to increasing soil salinity was studied in the salt‐secreting Atriplex griffithii Moq., the leaf succulent Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forssk., the stem succulent Haloxylon recurvum Bunge ex Boiss. and the osmotically adjusting desert grass Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf. collected from a subtropical maritime desert in Pakistan. Glycinebetaine content (mmol kg⁻¹ dry weight) increased with increasing NaCl in Atriplex griffithii, Haloxylon recurvum and Halopyrum mucronatum , but peaked at 600 m M NaCl for Suaeda fruticosa and declined thereafter. Glycinebetaine concentration (mmol l⁻¹ tissue water) increased with increasing salinity in all four halophyte species and was sufficiently high to serve as an osmoticum in all cases.     

Fungal Metabolism of Sorbic Acid

The metabolism of sorbic acid (S A) by 11 species of Mucor and 14 other fungi in addition to Mucor sp. A–73 were studied. All species of Mucor metabolized SA to trans-4-hexenol (4–HEL) without exception. The metabolic pathway was investigated precisely by using the resting cells of Mucor sp. A–73. The reduction of SA to 4–HEL by the fungus demanded glucose. The reduction of SA to sorbic alcohol (SAL) was catalyzed by the inducible enzymic system and that of SAL to 4–HEL by the constitutive enzyme. In the phosphate buffer, a part of 4–HEL produced from SA was further transformed into mono-trans-4-hexenyl phosphate by Mucor sp. A–73.

The reductive action of the fungus upon several trans-2-alkenoic acids was also examined.     

青海高寒区域金露梅灌丛草甸灌木和草本植物固碳量的比较

以青海海北高寒区域金露梅（PotentillafruticosaLinn.）灌丛草甸为研究对象,分析了6月至9月金露梅灌丛草甸灌木和草本植物不同部位的生物碳量,并据此对灌木及草本植物的年净初级生产碳量进行了比较。结果显示：金露梅灌丛草甸灌木植物地上部和地下部不同层次的生物量和碳含量均有明显差异,根据生物量所占比例确定其地上部和地下部的平均碳含量分别为0.50和0.48。依据不同月份灌丛冠面最大长度、最小宽度和最大高度,采用方程“Wij=e〔aln（A·B·H）＋b〕”计算灌木地上当年新生生物碳量、地上多年累积生物碳量和地下多年累积生物碳量,相关性均极显著（P〈0.01）,表明利用该方程评估金露梅灌丛草甸灌木不同部位的生物碳量是可行的。不同月份金露梅灌丛草甸灌木地上当年新生生物碳量、地上多年累积生物碳量和地下多年累积生物碳量分别为9.36-21.15、78.07-90.12和74.37-101.22g·m-2,差异不明显;其地上部和地下部净初级生产碳量分别为33.20和26.85g·m-2,总计为60.05g·m-2。金露梅灌丛草甸草本植物地上部和地下部净初级生产碳量分别为111.41和445.41g·m-2,总计为556.82g·m-2。如果根据草本和灌木占地面积78%和22%进行加权计算,则金露梅灌丛草甸当年的总净初级生产碳量为447.53g·m-2,其中灌木的净初级生产碳量仅占2.95%,且金露梅灌丛草甸地下部与地上部净初级生产碳量的比值为3.75。研究结果显示：青海高寒区域金露梅灌丛草甸以草本固碳为主,且地下部净初级生产碳量明显高于其地上部。     

Conservation genetics of Amorpha georgiana (Fabaceae), an endangered legume of the Southeastern United States

Amorpha georgiana (Fabaceae) is an endangered legume species found in longleaf pine savannas in the Southeastern United States. Approximately 900 individuals and 14 populations remain, most of which are concentrated in North Carolina. Eleven microsatellite loci were used to explore genetic diversity, population structure and recent population bottlenecks using genotypic data from 132 individuals collected at ten different localities. Although A. georgiana is quite rare, it exhibited high levels of genetic diversity (17.7 alleles/locus; H _o = 0.65, H _E = 0.75). Most of the genetic variation was found within rather than between populations of this species. The single remaining Georgia population was well differentiated from populations of the Carolinas ( F _ST > 0.1), which had weaker structure among them ( F _ST < 0.1). Only a geographically disjunct population showed strong evidence of a recent population bottleneck, perhaps due to a recent founder event. Hybridization with A. herbacea was also detected. For conservation management plans, A. georgiana populations in each geographic region (North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia) plus a disjunct population in North Carolina (Holly Shelter) should be treated as separate management units for which in situ conservation, including habitat restoration and use of prescribed burns, should ensure persistence of this species and preservation of its evolutionary potential.     

灌木铁线莲（毛茛科）花器官的发生与发育

用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对铁线莲属（Clematis L.）植物灌木铁线莲(C. fruticosa Turcz.)花的形态发生和发育过程进行了观察。灌木铁线莲花原基形成后,4枚萼片以交互对生的方式首先发生,呈轮状排列。最早的4枚雄蕊原基在4枚萼片交接的位置上近螺旋状发生,此后,随着雄蕊原基的向心发生和数目不断增多,其发生的螺旋状序列逐渐明显。雄蕊原基发生后,在花原基顶端,心皮原基沿着雄蕊原基的发生序列呈螺旋状发生。本文结果支持在原始被子植物花中螺旋状排列和轮状排列同时存在的观点。此外,本文也进一步证实了花萼与苞片的同源性。     

紫穗槐的离体快速繁殖

以子叶节为外植体,建立起了紫穗槐的快速离体再生系统.经过四周的培养,在附加8mg·L-16-BA的MS培养基上能够获得再生频率为100%,平均每个外植体5.21个芽点的高效再生植株.以再生植株的茎节为外植体所进行的继代能够在相同的培养基上连续的产生新的不定芽,但芽点数要少于起始培养.经过3周的培养,有82.53%切下的再生茎段能够在含2.0mg·L-1IAA的MS培养基上生根.在所有进行分析过的再生植株中,它们的染色体数目都没有发生变异(2n=40).经过练苗以后,再生植株成功地定植于土壤当中并展示了一致的外部形态和生长特性.     

Effects of grazing intensity on growth,reproduction, and abundance of three palatable forbs in Kansas tallgrass prairie

The effects of different intensities of cattle grazing on theaboveground growth, reproduction, and abundances of three palatable forbs werestudied in native tallgrass prairie. Populations of Asterericoides, Ruellia humilis, andAmorpha canescens were sampled at peak flowering duringthe1993–1995 growing seasons in four annually-burned sites varying incattle stocking density [ungrazed, low, moderate, high]. The threeforbs exhibited reduced shoot growth and/or reproduction under moderate toheavy grazing, and in no case did grazing increase any measure of plantperformance. Ruellia showed reduced shoot height andbiomass, percentage of stems flowering, and reproductive biomass in response tograzing. Aster showed decreases in shoot biomass andheightwith grazing. Amorpha showed no change in shoot orreproductive biomass, but a decrease in percent of flowering stems and inreproductive allocation with grazing. Patterns in the percentage of stemsgrazedindicated generally high but variable palatability among these species. Bycontrast, the three species showed inconsistent population response to grazing.Abundance (frequency) of all three species indicated no short-term changebetween years in response to grazing intensity. Responses of these speciesdiffer considerably from those of most other perennial tallgrass prairie forbsthat are unpalatable, unconsumed, and increase in performance (e.g. size,abundance) due to release from competition from the dominant grasses underungulate grazing. The results demonstrate that immediate aboveground growth andreproductive responses of established adults to grazing are not good predictorsof grazer effects on population abundances in tallgrass prairie.