New Derivatives of Nonactic and Homononactic Acids from Bacillus pumilus Derived from Breynia fruticosa

Six new nonactic and homononactic acid derivatives, ethyl homononactate ( 1 ), ethyl nonactate ( 2 ), homononactyl homononactate ( 6 ), ethyl homononactyl nonactate ( 7 ), ethyl homononactyl homononactate ( 8 ), and ethyl nonactyl nonactate ( 9 ), as well as four known compounds, homononactic acid ( 3 ), nonactic acid ( 4 ), homononactyl nonactate ( 5 ), and bishomononactic acid ( 10 ), were isolated from culture broth of Bacillus pumilus derived from Breynia fruticosa. The structures of new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. The optical purities of 1 – 6 were determined by HPLC/MS after treatment with L ‐phenylalanine methyl ester. The dimeric compounds 5 – 9 showed weak cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ 19–100 μg/ml).     

Divergence and species discrimination in freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata)

We explored the suitability of nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal markers [small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene, large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene, and a region spanning partial small mitochondrial ribosomal RNA subunit, four transfer RNA genes, and partial large mitochondrial ribosomal RNA subunit (referred to as rrnS‐rrnL)] for resolving patterns of diversification of 27 freshwater bryozoan species (class: Phylactolaemata) and evaluated the utility of statoblast ultrastructural features and molecular phylogenies for species discrimination in the Fredericellidae and Plumatellidae. Molecular data identified Plumatella fruticosa as distinct from the rest of the plumatellids, rendering the latter polyphyletic. rrnS‐rrnL was the most suitable marker for species discrimination and identified two undescribed species of Plumatella and at least two undescribed species of Fredericella. Lack of wide dispersal by fredericellid statoblasts may underlie the observed propensity for cryptic speciation and phylogeographical structure in Fredericella. Conversely, the strong dispersal potential of plumatellid statoblasts may mediate efficient gene flow between distant populations and explain the relatively low intraspecific divergence and lack of evidence for cryptic speciation. We show that species identification based on external features of statoblasts can be problematic in both genera, including for a putatively highly invasive, biofouling species, Plumatella vaihiriae, thereby highlighting the utility of rrnS‐rrnL sequences for species barcoding. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London     

紫穗槐根和枝条的紫外光谱指纹图谱研究

紫穗槐资源丰富,在医药及农学上应用广泛.但其混淆品较多,而且鉴别方法复杂.本文通过研究紫穗槐的紫外光谱指纹图谱,鉴别紫穗槐及其混淆品.分别取紫穗槐根及枝条各19个样品以及2个混淆品,应用紫外光谱法对其共有峰和特征峰进行检测.结果显示:紫穗槐根有2个共有峰,其峰值比为1.537:1;紫穗槐枝条有2个共有峰,其峰值比1.524:1.     

紫穗槐幼苗根系生理特性和解剖结构对PEG-6000模拟干旱的响应

采用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫处理,测定了紫穗槐幼苗根系的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸含量及SOD、POD酶活性变化以及解剖结构特征,旨在比较不同干旱程度对紫穗槐幼苗根系生理指标、内部解剖结构的影响,探索紫穗槐幼苗对水分胁迫的适应能力,揭示紫穗槐幼苗根系对土壤水分胁迫的响应和调控机制。结果表明:丙二醛含量变化显示当PEG-6000溶液浓度超过50g/L以后,紫穗槐幼苗根的膜系统开始受到损伤,并在PEG-6000溶液浓度达到250g/L受损程度显著增强,达到了对照的1.6倍,同时启动渗透调节作用(游离脯氨酸含量显著增加),达到了对照的3.8倍,在PEG-6000溶液浓度低于200g/L时,紫穗槐幼苗根系中至少没有启动以游离脯氨酸为主的渗透调节过程。可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量及SOD、POD酶活性的变化印证了胞内发生的生理代谢变化,在PEG-6000溶液浓度为200g/L时,可溶性糖含量仅为0.121mg/g,达到最低点,随后上升,当PEG-6000溶液浓度进一步增加到250g/L时,紫穗槐幼苗根系中的可溶性糖含量则迅速回升到0.64mg/g,为对照组的63.37%。可溶性蛋白质含量在低浓度PEG-6000溶液(50g/L)处理下即有明显反应,下降到对照的61.5%,随后呈波动性变化。SOD和POD活性对PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫的响应规律类似,均对PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫处理迅速响应且活性增加。当PEG-6000溶液浓度达到50g/L至100g/L时,抗氧化酶的合成量最高,而后活性下降。60d的PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫处理影响了紫穗槐幼苗根系的生长发育,随着PEG-6000溶液浓度增加,维管柱的直径变大,木质部厚度增大,导管直径变小、但导管密度增加,当PEG-6000溶液浓度达到250g/L时,导管密度比对照组增加了41.3%,木质部厚度比对照组增加了91.5%。以上结果表明,PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫处理下,不同胁迫程度紫穗槐内部生理和根系解剖结构变化不同,通过改变自身生理代谢和根系内部解剖结构,以适应土壤水分胁迫的逆境条件,来满足自身生长和发育的需求平衡。     

Sesquiterpenoids of fourteen Plagiochila species

The distribution of ent-2,3-secoaromadendrane-, ent-aromadendrane-, ent-bicyclogermacrane- and ent-maaliane-type sesquiterpenoids in fourteen Plagiochila species is described. These sesquiterpenes are the significant chemosystematic markers of Plagiochila. The intense pungent substance of some Plagiochila species is due to an ent-2,3-secoaromadendrane-type sesquiterpene hemiacetal, plagiochiline A.     

Karyotype analysis and physical mapping of 45S rDNA in eight species of Sophora,Robinia, and Amorpha

The karyotype analysis and physical locations of 45S rDNA were carried out by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization in three species,and two forms of Sophora,two species of Robina,and one species of Amorpha.S.japonica L.,S.japonica L.f.oligophylla Franch.,S.japonica L.f.pendula Loud.,and S.xanthantha C.Y.Ma.are all tetraploids with 2n=28.There were four 45S rDNA sites in pericentromeric regions of two Pairs of chromosomes in each of them.S.rubriflora Tsoong.is a triploid with 2n=21,and three sites were located in each satellite of group 5 chromosomes.In R.pseudoacacia L.(2n=2x=22),we examined four intensive signals in telomeric regions of two pairs of satellite chromosomes.In R.hispida L.(2n=2x=30),there were four other signals in centromeric regions besides those like in R.pseudoacacia.Amorpha fruticosa L.has most chromosomes(2n=40)among the eight materials,however,there were only six 45S rDNA loci and they laid in centromeric regions,and satellites of three pairs of chromosomes.45S rDNA is a valuable chromosomal landmark in karyotype analysis.The distribution and genomic organization Of rDNA in the three genera were also discussed.     

Comparison of the bud morphology and shoot growth dynamics of four species of Mediterranean subshrub growing along an altitudinal gradient

Bud morphology, bud activity, and shoot growth dynamics were studied over 13 months in four species of Mediterranean subshrubs growing along an altitudinal gradient in north-east Spain. The species selected were representative of the main functional types of subshrubs that grow naturally along altitudinal gradients on Mediterranean mountains. All species bore naked buds as their renewal structures, but the degree of protection of the buds varied between species, increasing with altitude. The period of morphogenesis and the level of shoot pre-formation also varied along the gradient. The species growing at low altitude had partially neoformed shoots, longer shoot growth periods, and started morphogenesis earlier than those growing at high altitude. These differences may indicate different morphological and phenological adaptations of Mediterranean subshrubs in response to increased winter cold along the gradient. At low altitudes, brachyblast-bearing species with partially neoformed shoots may be favoured because of the plastic shoot growth these structures confer. However, as the climate becomes colder and more predictable, brachyblast-bearing species may be replaced by species without brachyblasts, with tightly protected buds and more constrained patterns of shoot development.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 151 , 527–539.     

Inoculation with remnant prairie soils increased the growth of three native prairie legumes but not necessarily their associations with beneficial soil microbes

Restoring the diversity of plant species found in remnant communities is a challenge for restoration practitioners, in part because many reintroduced plant species fail to establish in restored sites. Legumes establish particularly poorly, perhaps because they depend on two guilds of soil microbial mutualists, rhizobial bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, that may be absent from restored sites. We tested the effect of soil microorganisms from remnant and restored prairies on legume growth by inoculating seedlings of Lespedeza capitata, Amorpha canescens, and Dalea purpurea with soil from 10 restored prairies and 6 remnant (untilled) prairies from southwest Michigan. We generally found support for the hypothesis that restored prairie soils lack microbes that enhance prairie plant growth, although there was variation across species and mutualist guilds. All three legumes grew larger and two legumes (Lespedeza and Amorpha) produced more nodules when inoculated with soil from remnant prairies, suggesting that low quantity and/or quality of rhizobial partners may limit the establishment of those species in restored prairies. In contrast, no legume experienced greater root colonization by AM fungi in remnant prairie soils, suggesting equivalent quantity (but not necessarily quality) of fungal partners in remnant and restored prairie soils. We detected no evidence of spontaneous recovery of the community of beneficial soil microbes in restorations. These results suggest that the absence of rhizobia, a largely overlooked component of prairie soils, could play a strong role in limiting restored prairie diversity by hindering legume establishment. Active reintroduction of appropriate rhizobial strains could enhance prairie restoration outcomes.     

Toxicity of high salinity tannery wastewater and effects on constructed wetland plants

The toxicity of high salinity tannery wastewater produced after an activated sludge secondary treatment on the germination and seedling growth of Trifolium pratense, a species used as indicator in toxicity tests, was evaluated. Growth was inhibited by wastewater concentrations >25% and undiluted effluent caused a complete germination inhibition. Constructed wetlands (CWs) with Arundo donax or Sarcocornia fruticosa were envisaged to further polish this wastewater. Selection of plant species to use in CWs for industrial wastewater treatment is an important issue, since for a successful establishment they have to tolerate the often harsh wastewater composition. For that, the effects of this wastewater on the growth of Arundo and Sarcocornia were assessed in pot assays. Plants were subject to different wastewater contents (0/50/100%), and both were resilient to the imposed conditions. Arundo had higher growth rates and biomass than Sarcocornia and may therefore be the preferred species for use in CWs treating tannery wastewater. CWs planted with the above mentioned plants significantly decreased the toxicity of the wastewater, as effluent from the CWs outlet stimulated the growth of Trifolium at concentrations <50%, and seed germination and growth even occurred in undiluted effluent.     

氮磷复合肥添加对高寒草甸金露梅灌丛中豆科植物的影响

以高寒草甸金露梅灌丛为研究对象,通过添加不同量的氮磷复合肥NH₄H₂PO₄(0、40、80、120g·m^-2),测定了花苜蓿(Medicago ruthenica Linn.)、异叶米口袋(Gueldenstae dtiadiversifolia Maxim)、甘肃棘豆(Oxytropis kansuensis Bunge.)的地上生物量、叶片氮磷含量和土壤氮磷含量,探讨了添加氮磷之后豆科植物的叶片氮磷含量、N:P比值在处理间和种间的差异以及它们与土壤养分之间的关系。结果表明,添加氮磷使花苜蓿和异叶米口袋叶片中的磷含量和N:P比值发生显著变化,而对叶片氮含量的影响不显著。氮磷的添加对甘肃棘豆的氮磷含量无显著影响。就总的豆科植物而言,不论种内还是种间,平均可变性都是磷变化最大,氮变化最小,N:P比值居中。植物叶片的氮磷含量以及N:P比值与土壤速效氮磷没有显著相关性。比较不同处理下的数据可知,添加氮磷复合肥主要增加了豆科植物对磷素的养分吸收。三个物种对氮磷的吸收能力不同,叶片的氮磷含量比N:P比值更能反映植物对氮磷的吸收利用情况。一次性施用氮磷复合肥不能提高第二年的氮供应能力,但是会提高土壤的有效磷供应。为保护豆科牧草的产量,对于金露梅灌丛草地施用磷酸二氢铵的量不应超过80g·m^-2。