籽粒苋中PPDK基因的克隆及表达特性分析

为寻找能提高植物光合效率的基因资源,以高光效植物籽粒苋(Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.)为试材,利用同源克隆和RACE技术克隆了丙酮酸磷酸二激酶(Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase, PPDK)基因,基因cDNA全长为3 224 bp,其中5′非翻译区为71 bp,阅读框为2 868 bp,3′非翻译区为285 bp,推导的蛋白质为956个氨基酸,分子量约106 kDa。序列分析表明,克隆的基因含有PPDK基因的功能结构域。表达模式分析显示克隆的PPDK基因在绿色组织中特异表达,为PPDK基因的长转录本,初步确定已克隆得到为籽粒苋中的PPDK基因,将其命名为AhPPDK。     

高温下花红苋和绿叶苋叶片生理特性变化的比较

40℃连续6 d处理苋菜(Amaranthus tricolor)两个栽培品种花红苋和绿叶苋,探讨热胁迫下它们生理特性的改变.结果表明:与绿叶苋相比,高温下花红苋叶中可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量明显增加,PPO(多酚氧化酶)和POD(过氧化物酶)活性增强,苋菜红素显著积累.绿叶苋对高温表现敏感,苋菜红素含量在处理2 d后明显降低,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛和质膜透性均高于花红苋,叶片呈现较明显的氧化漂白症状.与常温对照相比,高温下两种苋菜的总酚含量变化不大.热胁迫下花红苋积累较多的苋菜红素和渗透调节物质,酶活性提高,可能是其对高温逆境具有较好耐受能力的生理基础.     

抗虫双价基因表达载体的构建及微束激光转化植物研究

将苏云金芽孢杆菌伴孢晶体(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)蛋白的基因与反枝苋菜凝集素(Amaranthus retrojflexus agglutinin,ARA)基因构建成双价基因的表达载体,编码一种既能抗鳞翅目害虫,又能抗同翅目蚜虫的杀虫蛋白.把双价基因(Bt-BA)连接到原核表达载体pET28a和植物表达载体pBI121上,经过限制性酶切分析和PCR鉴定,结果表明:含有双价基因的原核和真核重组表达质粒均已构建成功.将该双价基因转入油菜,获得抗性小植株.     

Oxygen sensitivity of C4 photosynthesis: evidence from gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence analyses with different C4 subtypes

Because photosynthetic rates in C₄ plants are the same at normal levels of O₂ (c, 20 kPa) and at c, 2 kPa O₂ (a conventional test for evaluating photorespiration in C₃ plants) it has been thought that C₄ photosynthesis is O₂ insensitive. However, we have found a dual effect of O₂ on the net rate of CO₂ assimilation among species representing all three C₄ subtypes from both monocots and dicots. The optimum O₂ partial pressure for C₄ photosynthesis at 30 °C, atmospheric CO₂ level, and half full sunlight (1000 μmol quanta m^?2 s^?1) was about 5–10 kPa. Photosynthesis was inhibited by O₂ below or above the optimum partial pressure. Decreasing CO₂ levels from ambient levels (32.6 Pa) to 9.3 Pa caused a substantial increase in the degree of inhibition of photosynthesis by supra-optimum levels of O₂ and a large decrease in the ratio of quantum yield of CO₂ fixation/quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) measured by chlorophyll a fluorescence. Photosystem II activity, measured from chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis, was not inhibited at levels of O₂ that were above the optimum for CO₂ assimilation, which is consistent with a compensating, alternative electron How as net CO₂ assimilation is inhibited. At suboptimum levels of O₂, however, the inhibition of photosynthesis was paralleled by an inhibition of PSII quantum yield, increased state of reduction of quinone A, and decreased efficiency of open PSII centres. These results with different C₄ types suggest that inhibition of net CO₂ assimilation with increasing O₂ partial pressure above the optimum is associated with photorespiration, and that inhibition below the optimum O₂ may be caused by a reduced supply of ATP to the C₄ cycle as a result of inhibition of its production photochemically.     

不同发育期反枝苋对黄瓜根缘细胞的化感作用

以黄瓜为实验材料,采用悬空气培养法研究了不同发育期反枝苋水浸提液对根缘细胞的化感效应.结果表明:在反枝苋水浸提液作用下,黄瓜根果胶甲基酯酶(PME)活性升高,但随着水浸提液浓度的升高,这种促进效应逐渐降低;而黄瓜根缘细胞存活率随着水浸提液浓度的升高而下降.相同发育期反枝苋不同部位的化感作用差异不显著,不同发育时期反枝苋化感作用差异较为明显,其化感作用以幼苗期最强,现蕾期次之,成熟期最弱.推测化感作用是反枝苋发育初期取得竞争优势,迅速占领生态位的原因之一.     

Susceptibility of Several Common Subtropical Weeds to Meloidogyne arenaria,M. incognita,and M. javanica

Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to assess root galling and egg production of three root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica, on several weeds common to Florida agricultural land. Weeds evaluated were Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge), Eleusine indica (goosegrass), Portulaca oleracea (common purslane), and Solanum americanum (American black nightshade). Additionally, although it is recommended as a cover crop in southern regions of the U.S., Aeschynomene americana (American jointvetch) was evaluated as a weed following the detection of root galling in a heavy volunteer infestation of an experimental field in southeastern Florida. Weeds were propagated from seed and inoculated with 1000 nematode eggs when plants reached the two true-leaf stage. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ‘Rutgers’) was included as a positive control. Aeschynomene americana and P. oleracea roots supported the highest number of juveniles (J₂) and had the highest number of eggs/g of root for all three species of Meloidogyne tested. However, though P. oleracea supported very high root levels of the three nematode species tested, its fleshy roots did not exhibit severe gall symptoms. Low levels of apparent galling, combined with high egg production, increase the potential for P. oleracea to support populations of these three species of root-knot nematodes to a degree that may not be appropriately recognized. This research quantifies the impact of P. oleracea as a host for M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica compared to several other important weeds commonly found in Florida agricultural production, and the potential for A. americana to serve as an important weed host of the three species of root-knot nematode tested in southern regions of Florida.     

Rapid techniques for the extraction of vitamin E isomers from Amaranthus caudatus seeds: ultrasonic and supercritical fluid extraction

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of seeds of Amaranthus caudatus (Amaranthaceae) and the use of ultrasound as a co-adjuvant in the extraction process were compared with methods traditionally used in the extraction of tocopherols and fatty acids. The use of readily available ultrasound equipment as an adjunct to the classical methods employed for the extraction of tocols provided qualitatively acceptable results more rapidly and more economically. SFE gave quantitatively better yields in shorter times, with solvent-free extracts obtained under conditions that minimised the degradation of thermolabile components. No significant variations were observed in the profile of the fatty acids extracted from amaranth oil by SFE or other methods, thus confirming the qualitative comparability of the faster supercritical extraction with the more time-consuming classical techniques even when processed with the aid of ultrasound.     

苋菜IRT1基因克隆、序列及表达分析

通过对镉超积累苋菜品种天星米铁转运蛋白基因( IRT1)的克隆、序列及表达分析,旨在为植物修复镉污染土壤奠定基础.依据同源克隆原理,通过RACE技术克隆苋菜IRT1基因及生物信息学方法分析基因序列结构和功能,Northern杂交研究基因表达.苋菜IRT1基因cDNA全长1135 bp,包含完整的阅读框,编码322个氨基酸.苋菜IRT1蛋白与已知铁转运蛋白相似性在53.70％-63.04％,具有铁转运蛋白典型的功能结构特征,即N端含有1个信号肽、氨基酸序列上具有完整的ZIP家族功能结构域( Pfam:Zip)和7个跨膜结构域(TMs).苋菜IRT1蛋白还具有1个COG0428超级家族(转运二价金属离子功能)、2个蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点和2个酪蛋白Ⅱ磷酸化位点.低铁胁迫时苋菜根中IRT1基因表达量增加,加镉处理没有改变IRT1基因表达量.因此,推断苋菜IRT1基因是ZIP家族的一员,具有转运二价金属离子功能,将基因在GenBank中注册,序列号为:GU363501,命名为AmIRT1.     

Induction of secondary dormancy in Amaranthus caudatus seeds

Nondormant A. caudatus seeds germinated in the darkat temperatures between 20 and 35° but not at 45 °C.Incubation at this temperature for at least 10 h inhibited seedgermination over the temperature range 20 to 35 °C,temperatures previously suitable for germination. Thus incubation at 45°C induced secondary dormancy. Mechanical or chemicalscarification or exposure to pure oxygen caused complete or almost completegermination of dormant seeds although more slowly in comparison to nondormantseeds. Secondary dormant scarified seeds required a lower concentration of ABAthan nondormant seeds to inhibit germination. The high temperature, whichinduced dormancy, 45 °C, caused the seed coat to be partiallyresponsible for secondary dormancy. Involvement of ABA (synthesis orsensitivity) in the induction and/or maintenance of this dormancy should beconsidered.