Biological control of alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) with a Fusarium sp.

Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroidesG.) has become a serious weed in different crops in China. A fungal pathogen was found in Chongqing and Sichuan Provinces and was identified as a species in the Fusarium genus. The fungus produced macroconidia and chlamydospores abundantly on potato sucrose agar (PSA) plates. The bestconidial production and germination and colonygrowth of Fusarium sp. were at 23–31°C and pH 6.7–7.0. Light period and flooding did not affect fungal growth and conidium formation. The herbicides, glyphosate and paraquat, inhibited the fungal development in vitro. The fungus did not affect seed germination and seedling growth of paddy rice, wheat, maize, oilseed rape and broad bean inlaboratory or greenhouse trials. Inoculum density and wetness duration influenced the efficiency of Fusarium sp. to control alligatorweed; a concentration of 1.0 × 10⁵ spores^–1 ml and 12 h of high humidity duration after inoculation produced goodinfections on the weed at 23°C in the laboratory. When the fungus was applied to alligatorweed grown in greenhouse and in the field, good biocontrol efficiency was obtained: the plants started to wilt after four to five (greenhouse) or six days (field), and were killed 9–10 (greenhouse) or 13–14 (field) days after spraying the fungal inoculum. This was similar to the control efficiency resulting from glyphosate treatment. Therefore, this Fusarium sp. appeared to be a good candidatefor further studies and a promising biocontrol agent to manage alligatorweed in some terrestrial and aquatic crops.     

Pb 在水花生愈伤组织中的超微定位及对矿质元素的影响

水体重金属污染已经成为一个日益严重的环境问题, 了解水体重金属污染原理、处理水体重金属, 已经成为一个必需解决的课题。由于重金属元素具有难降解、易积累、毒性大等特点, 另外还能被水生植物富集吸收进入食物链危害人畜健康。因此, 植物对重金属毒害的抗性机理以及提高植物抗重金属胁迫能力的探索研究越来越引起人们的关注。虽然在铅(Pb2+)胁迫下植物的抗氧化反应已经有了一些报道, 但有关于植物愈伤组织受到重金属胁迫后变化的研究报道较少。鉴于此, 研究将分布广泛的挺水植物水花生进行愈伤组织培养, 克服了光照、温度、水分及植物生长发育在自然状态下的不可控制性, 使实验数据更具重复性和科学性。经过70%酒精30s、5%次氯酸钠10min 和0.1%升汞10min 消毒后, 在激素为6-BA(3.0 mg/L)和NAA(0.2mg/L)的1/2MS 培养基中培养出水花生茎段的愈伤组织并以此作为研究对象, 以常见的污染环境的重金属离子—Pb2+为胁迫因子。研究了在不同Pb 处理浓度(0、0.2、0.4、0.8 和1.6 mmol/L)下愈伤组织对Pb 的积累、亚细胞分布、亚显微定位及矿质元素的影响。结果表明, 随着培养液中Pb 浓度的增加, (1)愈伤组织体内的Pb 含量极显著上升, 富集系数为2341—2681; (2)各亚细胞组分中的Pb 含量都呈逐渐上升的趋势, 但分配比例明显不均, 分布规律为细胞壁>细胞器>可溶性部分, Pb 胁迫与处理浓度间存在显著的剂量—效应关系, Pb在亚细胞分布与对细胞超微结构的损伤关系密切; (3)超微定位观察发现在细胞壁上分布有大量的Pb 颗粒,细胞内膜结构及基质中也都存在Pb; ⑷Pb 对各亚细胞组分中矿质元素的影响不同, 其中抑制了大量元素P、K、Mg 和微量元素Na、Zn、Mn 的吸收; Ca 在细胞壁中先升后降, 细胞器中逐渐减少, 可溶性部分中则是逐渐增加; Fe 和B 在各亚细胞组分中均表现出先升后降; Cu 在前两个组分中总体呈上升趋势, 可溶性部分中则是先升后降; Si 在细胞壁中逐渐减少, 细胞器中呈先升后降的趋势, 而可溶性部分中无法测出。可见, Pb 打乱了各亚细胞组分中离子平衡, 导致愈伤组织正常生理活动紊乱, 这些都是Pb 毒害水花生愈伤组织的主要表现。       

空心莲子草叶甲对空心莲子草控制效果的定量评价

为了解空心莲子草叶甲Agasicles hygrophila被引入中国20多年后其取食行为与取食能力是否发生改变, 我们通过采集叶甲自然种群的成虫, 在室内用空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides饲养获得检测用叶甲各虫态与虫量进行室内定量检测, 研究了空心莲子草叶甲自然种群各龄幼虫与成虫在不同密度下对空心莲子草的控害效果。结果显示： 1龄幼虫喜食顶芽嫩叶, 在每株接0.2和1头1龄幼虫密度下, 空心莲子草仍有新叶和侧芽生成, 生物量、 株高与茎节数仍在增加; 在5头/株的密度下, 空心莲子草的生物量、 叶片数和侧芽数均出现负增长; 在10头/株的密度下, 草的生物量、 株高、 叶片数、 侧芽数和茎节数均表现为负增长。2龄幼虫优先取食顶芽嫩叶, 也取食老叶与茎杆, 在每株10头2龄幼虫的密度下, 接虫7 d后, 40%的植株死亡。3龄幼虫取食叶片与茎秆, 后期钻入茎秆中化蛹,在10头/株密度下,7 d后, 已引起52%的植株死亡, 存活株的茎节数显著减少。成虫可24 h连续取食植株的任何组织, 0.2头/株的密度下,空心莲子草叶片与侧芽数量已呈现负增长; 5头/株的密度下,空心莲子草的生物量、 株高、 叶片数、 侧芽数与茎节数均呈现较大的负增长; 10头/株的控草效果更加显著。     

底泥高磷浓度提高了喜旱莲子草的入侵性

植物通过改变自身的形态和生态生理特征对多变的环境因素做出响应,这种表型可塑性能增强外来物种的入侵能力。该文研究了入侵植物喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)对底泥磷浓度、植株密度以及二者间交互作用的可塑性响应,探讨可塑性是否能使其获得更高的入侵能力。结果表明:低密度×底泥高磷浓度处理条件下的叶重、茎重、总重、叶数、分枝数和茎长等明显高于低、中磷浓度处理;高密度×底泥高磷浓度条件下的叶数、茎长和比茎长的值最大;植株的含磷量随底泥磷浓度的升高显著增加,说明喜旱莲子草响应底泥磷浓度变化时改变了自身的形态与生态生理性状。泥底含磷量对叶重比、叶数、茎长、茎磷含量、叶磷含量和植株总含磷量的影响都达到显著水平(p<0.05);植株密度对茎重、比茎长、叶磷含量和植株总磷含量的影响达到显著水平(p<0.05)。与入侵能力相关的叶重比、叶数、茎长在底泥高磷浓度处理中显著增加,说明底泥的高磷浓度增强了喜旱莲子草的入侵能力。     

The Role of Antioxidant Systems in Cu2+ Stress Resistance in Alternanthera philoxeroides

CuSO4 was added into Hoagland solution to imitate Cu2+ polluted water environment, and the roles of the two antioxidation systems in resisting Cu2+ stress in Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. was studied. The results showed that Cu2+pollution less than 70 mg/L in concentration could stimulate the accumulation of superoxide radical (O-·2), thus lead to lipid peroxidation and increase of membrane permeability. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were both induced in high level and took important parts in antioxidation at higher concentration of Cu2+ and in middle and late phases of Cu2+ stress. Catalase (CAT) had little effect. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was induced in lower level and showed its function in lower Cu2+ concentration and in early phase. Ascorbic acid (AsA) could also function at higher Cu2+ concentration by transition from reduced state to oxidized state.     

异质生境对水生型空心莲子草-双穗雀稗共存的影响

物种共存取决于生物自身属性及生境异质性等多重因素的综合效应.本研究基于较大空间尺度(21°-35° N)的野外调查,比较了水生型入侵植物空心莲子草与其本土共存种双穗雀稗在形态及化学计量特征等方面的差异,并分析了环境因子对二者属性差异的影响.结果 表明:空心莲子草盖度和重要值显著大于双穗雀稗(34.3％、104.0％),...     

香根草和水花生对垃圾污水中N、P、Cl的吸收效果

香根草和水花生对垃圾污水中不同“污物”的吸收能力差别较大。二者对N的吸收量均超过了各自净化的总N量,对P的吸收率亦较高,但植株体内的P浓度却随介质P浓度的升高而下降。和净化量相比,植物对低浓度污水中Cl的吸收率较高,但对高浓度中的吸收率较低。和原液中的“污物”量相比时,根系对元素的吸收率都明显降低。这表明,植物净化系统中的去污方式除了根系的吸收外,还有其他方式,即根系是通过根际微生态系统的综合作用来达到净化目的。总的来说,香根草对“污物”的吸收能力不比水花生强,尽管他比水花生有更强的净化能力。     

Aims

In wetlands, water levels can fluctuate, which often disturbs local organisms, such as aquatic plants. The responses of Alternanthera philoxeroides, Myriophyllum aquaticum, and Ludwigia adscendens to water level fluctuations of different frequencies were examined here.     

空心莲子草、大豆和向日葵根部K~+(~(86)Rb~+)的吸收和通量分析

与大豆、向日葵相比,空心莲子草根系具有一个较高效率的K~+吸收机制。它的K_m值很小,I_m值又较高。空心莲子草根系将K~+向地上部运输的能力也比大豆和向日葵高得多。 上述三种植物根组织K~+含量的差异主要是因为液泡中含K~+量的不同,而细胞质的含K~+量影响不大。其中,参数K_cv/K_vc的比值可以表示液泡积累K~+的特征,并且也决定着不同植物根组织积累K~+的能力。