低温胁迫下喜旱莲子草幼苗膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的变化

分别在2℃和8℃低温胁迫下,对入侵种喜旱莲子草幼苗抗氧化酶活性进行了研究。与常温28℃的结果相比较,MDA含量、细胞膜透性在8℃条件下变化不明显,2℃处理36h后均显著上升。2℃时SOD、CAT和POD活性在较短时间内(12h)显著升高,随后逐渐下降,CAT活性在48h后受到低温胁迫的严重抑制。8℃处理条件下3种保护酶活性在48h内均有显著升高,但升幅明显小于2℃处理的升幅。8℃低温处理不是抑制而是促进了3种保护酶活性的提高。复温结果显示,8℃低温胁迫的喜旱莲子草幼苗和对照无生长差异,2℃低温胁迫下幼苗表现出形态特征差异。     

外源钙离子对南方菟丝子寄生入侵植物喜旱莲子草效果的影响

外源钙离子可以有效地缓解植物在胁迫下受到的毒害,提高植物组织或细胞抗胁迫的能力。以喜旱莲子草为研究对象,采用完全随机区组的实验设计,研究不同钙离子浓度与南方菟丝子寄生对喜旱莲子草茎生物量的影响,探讨外源钙离子是否可以减少南方菟丝子对喜旱莲子草的损伤。研究表明南方菟丝子寄生对喜旱莲子草的根、茎和叶的生物量具有显著影响,且南方菟丝子寄生与外源钙离子对喜旱莲子草茎和叶的生长具有显著的交互作用。不同浓度的钙离子与南方菟丝子寄生对喜旱莲子草茎生物量存在拮抗的交互作用;而仅8 mmol/L Ca2+与南方菟丝子寄生对喜旱莲子草叶生物量存在拮抗的交互作用。不同浓度钙离子均可以缓减南方菟丝子对喜旱莲子草茎的有害效应,仅8 mmol/L Ca2+可以缓减南方菟丝子对喜旱莲子草根和叶的有害效应。2—6 mmol/L的外源钙离子对南方菟丝子寄生下的喜旱莲子草的丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著影响,但可以显著地降低过氧化物酶(POD)活性,表明低浓度的外源钙离子的添加可以缓减南方菟丝子对喜旱莲子草的寄生胁迫,并体现在生理指标上。     

空心莲子草响应南方菟丝子寄生的生长-防御权衡

为探讨全寄生植物南方菟丝子(Cuscuta australis)防治入侵植物空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)的可行性,以二者野外天然生长的种群为研究对象,分析南方菟丝子寄生对空心莲子草生长及防御的影响,阐明空心莲子草在受到寄生胁迫时如何权衡自身生长与防御的关系,进而发展出一套应对南方菟丝子寄生的生长-防御策略。结果显示:(1)南方菟丝子寄生显著改变空心莲子草茎的形态,茎直径和平均节间长均增加,茎直径变化极显著(P0.01);(2)南方菟丝子寄生显著减少空心莲子草叶片数,但同时显著增加后者茎的分枝数,而茎上的节是潜在的无性繁殖体,故有利于空心莲子草的克隆繁殖;此外,南方菟丝子寄生显著降低了空心莲子草的根、茎、叶生物量和总生物量,抑制空心莲子草的生长;(3)南方菟丝子寄生显著增加空心莲子草茎的单宁、总酚、三萜皂苷含量,增强其防御能力;(4)南方菟丝子寄生的空心莲子草的生物量与茎部木质素、三萜皂苷、单宁和总酚含量均呈现显著负相关性(P0.01),对照组则不存在相关性;且寄生组较对照组相比,生物量的相对百分比显著低于对照组(P0.01),而用于防御的次生代谢产物总含量的相对百分比显著高于对照组(P0.01)。以上结果表明,受到南方菟丝子寄生胁迫后,空心莲子草改变自身的生长-防御策略,减少营养生长投入而将更多的资源投向克隆繁殖,同时增强对"防御"物质的投入,增强其防御能力,以利于后代生存和繁衍。     

Allometric growth, disturbance regime, and dilemmas of controlling invasive plants: a model analysis

Disturbed communities are observed to be more susceptible to invasion by exotic species, suggesting that some attributes of the invaders may interact with disturbance regime to facilitate invasion success. Alternanthera philoxeroides, endemic to South America, is an amphibious clonal weed invading worldwide. It tends to colonize disturbed habitats such as riparian zones, floodplain wetlands and agricultural areas. We developed an analytical model to explore the interactive effects of two types of physical disturbances, shoot mowing and root fragmentation, on biomass production dynamics of A. philoxeroides. The model is based on two major biological assumptions: (1) allometric growth of root (belowground) vs. shoot (aboveground) biomass and (2) exponential regrowth of shoot biomass after mowing. The model analysis revealed that the interaction among allometric growth pattern, shoot mowing frequency and root fragmentation intensity might lead to diverse plant ‘fates’. For A. philoxeroides whose root allocation decreases with growing plant size, control by shoot mowing was faced with two dilemmas. (1) Shoot regrowth can be effectively suppressed by frequent mowing. However, frequent shoot mowing led to higher biomass allocation to thick storage roots, which enhanced the potential for faster future plant growth. (2) In the context of periodic shoot mowing, individual shoot biomass converged to a stable equilibrium value which was independent of the root fragmentation intensity. However, root fragmentation resulted in higher equilibrium population shoot biomass and higher frequency of shoot mowing required for effective control. In conclusion, the interaction between allometric growth and physical disturbances may partially account for the successful invasion of A. philoxeroides; improper mechanical control practices could function as disturbances and result in exacerbated invasion.     

喜旱莲子草茎叶解剖结构从原产地到入侵地的变异式样

长期以来人们一直认为,外来种入侵及其危害是由于一个物种从原产地到入侵地其环境因子改变(如天敌压力的减弱等)而导致的。近年来,越来越多的研究者开始认识到,生物入侵过程实际上是一个现代人类活动影响下的物种的快速进化过程,生物入侵的进化遗传学已成为入侵生物学研究中最活跃的分支之一。作者比较了来自原产地(阿根廷)和入侵地(中国和美国)的喜旱莲子草(Alternantheraphiloxeroides)的11个种群在茎、叶解剖结构方面的变异式样,发现所研究的19个性状在原产地(阿根廷)和入侵地(中国和美国)的变异情况明显不同:在原产地种群中,共有9个性状指标存在显著差异,遗传率在49–89%之间,这9个性状是气孔密度、气孔指数、茎直径、髓腔直径、维管柱直径、皮层厚度、维管柱面积比、髓腔面积比和叶形指数;而在入侵地种群间,19个性状指标均无明显差异。这表明喜旱莲子草从原产地到入侵地其遗传多样性降低;入侵地喜旱莲子草种群间的形态变异主要为表型可塑性。根据19个形态指标对喜旱莲子草11个种群进行主成分分析和聚类,结果显示:所有入侵地种群和原产地的Ar1种群(SantaFé,59°49′W,29°16′S)聚为一类,原产地的Ar4(Tandil,59°03′W,37°11′S)单独聚为一类,原产地的其他4个种群聚为一类。表明Ar1种群可能与入侵中国的喜旱莲子草在基因型上更为接近。这一结果为进一步揭示喜旱莲子草入侵机理(如杂交适应性)和在原产地寻求对应天敌的生物防治工作提供了基础数据。     

入侵种喜旱莲子草和莲子草的营养生长和光合作用对温度的响应

比较温度对入侵种喜旱莲子草(Alternantheraphiloxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.)和其本土近缘种莲子草(A.sessilis(L.)DC.)的营养生长、叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光的影响。实验将生长均衡的这两种植物放在不同温度(10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃)的光照培养箱中处理28d。结果表明,喜旱莲子草营养生长的速率和对温度的响应明显不同于莲子草:前者主茎生长的有效积温明显低于后者,分别是11.6d℃和27.0d℃;而新叶萌发的有效积温高于后者,分别是12.1d℃和6.7d℃。入侵种主茎和叶的发育起点温度都比本土种低,分别是10.4℃、11.0℃和12.8℃、14.9℃,表明喜旱莲子草的发育对低温反应不及莲子草敏感。对两种植物叶片的光合作用和叶绿素荧光的测定结果还表明:入侵种比本土种有较高的最大净光合速率和光饱和点,尤其在25℃时;10-30℃的温度范围内喜旱莲子草的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm没有显著变化,而莲子草在10℃低温条件下Fv/Fm值显著降低。较快的主茎生长速率、较宽的温度适应范围以及较高的光合能力可能使喜旱莲子草比本地种具有更强的竞争力,从而在其入侵过程中起了重要作用。     

空心莲子草具有较强抗盐能力的原因初探

为了探讨空心莲子草(Alternantheraphiloxeroides(Mart.)Griseb)的抗盐机理,测定了盐胁迫条件下的空心莲子草和水稻中保护酶活性和渗透调节物质的变化。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,空心莲子草中的脯氨酸、甜菜碱以及SOD、POD等含量增加速度比水稻快,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛的含量在两种植物中虽亦增加,但在空心莲子草叶中的增加幅度小于水稻。证明盐胁迫下保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的迅速增加是空心莲子草具有较强抗盐能力的重要生理学基础。     

水淹胁迫诱导喜旱莲子草茎发生类环割效应

在水淹环境中,喜旱莲子草水面上未受淹的茎段常表现出增粗膨大的现象。遭受水淹的植物被淹没的组织和器官会面临氧气缺乏和能量供应不足的问题。植物体内碳水化合物的运输需要消耗能量,当因水淹而使植株被部分淹没（即地下部分全部和地上部分的一部分被淹没）时,由于水淹缺氧导致能量供应不足,碳水化合物在植物被淹组织内的运输可能受限从而在水面上的未淹茎段中积累并对未淹茎段的径向形态产生影响。为探究水淹环境中喜旱莲子草未受淹茎段增粗膨大是否与碳水化合物积累有关,对茎被水淹和茎不受水淹的喜旱莲子草进行对比研究,结果发现：（1）水淹的喜旱莲子草位于水面上的未淹茎段节间平均直径显著大于水面下受淹茎段节间平均直径,未淹茎段与受淹茎段相比发生显著的膨大现象;未水淹的喜旱莲子草其茎的上部茎段节间平均直径与下部茎段节间平均直径相比并无显著差异,上部茎段也无明显膨大现象。（2）水淹的喜旱莲子草位于水面上的未淹茎段碳水化合物含量显著高于未水淹的喜旱莲子草对应茎段的碳水化合物含量。本研究表明,水淹胁迫下喜旱莲子草位于水面上的未受淹茎段中碳水化合物发生积累,导致植株位于水面上的未受淹茎段发生与物理环割后类似的茎膨大现象。     

利用多光谱扫描仪测定空心莲子草冠层光谱的影响因素

【背景】太阳光的入射辐射是影响多光谱扫描仪测定植物冠层光谱反射率的主要因素。本研究旨在探讨不同测定条件对空心莲子草冠层光谱特征值的影响,确定应用多光谱扫描仪测定空心莲子草冠层光谱特征的适宜环境条件。【方法】采用多光谱扫描仪,在不同天气条件、仪器探头高度、太阳高度角、叶片湿度等外界因素条件下,测定空心莲子草冠层光谱反射率的变化。【结果】天气条件、仪器探头高度、太阳高度角、叶片湿度4个因素对空心莲子草冠层在绿光区560nm、黄光区660nm和近红外光区810nm3个特征波段处的光谱反射率均有显著影响。【结论与意义】利用多光谱扫描仪测定空心莲子草冠层光谱数据,应选择晴朗无云的天气,仪器探头距离冠层1.3m,适宜的数据采集时间为10：00～14：00,以保障适度的太阳高度角和干燥的叶面,从而保持稳定的光谱测量结果。本研究可为完善多光谱扫描评价技术提供理论依据。     

Flooding effects on rapid responses of the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides to defoliation

In experiments under controlled growth conditions it was examined how flooding affected the responses of the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides to defoliation. In drained and flooded conditions, plants were subjected to five defoliation levels: 0, 10, 50, 90% removal of leaf tissue and apex removal (90% leaf tissue plus apical bud removal). Plants were harvested weekly for five weeks. In drained conditions, plant biomasses including total biomass, shoot biomass and root biomass after 50% defoliation rapidly recovered to the control plant level. They were significantly lower for the 90% defoliation and apex removal treatments compared to control plants throughout the experiment. In flooded conditions, total biomass and shoot biomass after 50% defoliation, 90% defoliation, and apex removal treatments could return to control plant levels before the end of the experiment. In 90% defoliation and apex removal treatments root to shoot biomass ratios of both drained and flooded plants were initially much higher than in control plants, but the difference disappeared rapidly. The final biomasses decreased with increased defoliation intensity in drained conditions, but no significant difference was generally found in any of the defoliation treatments in flooded conditions. The rapid re-growth of A. philoxeroides plants after defoliation may partly be responsible for its invasion success. However, defoliation capable of removing 90% of the leaf tissue may be desirable in restricting the growth of this invasive species in drained conditions.