影响喜旱莲子草性别可塑性表现形式的环境因子的研究

亚稳定可塑性会显著影响植物个体的适合度和个体对环境的反应模式,因此,探讨其起因和维持机制成为非常重要的科学问题.喜旱莲子草性别特征表现为亚稳定可塑性而其它表型特征为常规的可塑性.通过正交控制实验,量化喜旱莲子草的表型特征在不同环境条件下的可塑性表现.结果表明:(1)决定喜旱莲子草性别可塑性和其他大多数可塑性的环境因素相...     

温度对莲草直胸跳甲成虫繁殖特性和卵孵化的影响

莲草直胸跳甲是恶性入侵杂草喜旱莲子草的有效天敌。为探明莲草直胸跳甲成虫繁育的适宜温度条件和卵的低温冷藏适期,本文研究了莲草直胸跳甲成虫在25、27、30、32、35℃下的存活、取食和产卵特性及卵在15℃下冷藏不同时期的孵化率。结果表明:在25～35℃,莲草直胸跳甲成虫的生存曲线差异显著;随着温度的升高,雌雄成虫寿命呈缩短趋势,表现为25℃>32℃>35℃;但27和30℃的生存曲线与25和32℃差异均不显著。温度对莲草直胸跳甲成虫的取食量和产卵量均有显著影响,在25～35℃,随着温度的升高,跳甲的取食量和产卵量呈下降趋势;成虫期取食量、日均产卵量和世代产卵量表现为25℃>27℃、30℃>32℃>35℃;成虫期取食量和世代产卵量呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.960。将莲草直胸跳甲卵在15℃下冷藏1～10d后转移至25℃,其孵化率均可达100%,但孵化进度则有差异,孵化高峰期随着冷藏时间的延长而提前。与未经冷藏的卵(对照)相比,在15℃下冷藏1d,莲草直胸跳甲卵的始孵化日提前1d,但高峰期不变,均在第5天;在15℃下冷藏4、7和10d后,其孵化高峰期分别较对照提前1、2和3d。可见,在25～35℃时,25℃是莲草直胸...     

重金属胁迫条件下空心莲子草的生长和营养特征分析

空心莲子草是一种常见的水生植物,并能在重金属污染的水体或附近土壤中生长.本研究发现,空心莲子草能富集6种常见的重金属元素,其富集能力为:Zn2+>Mn2+>Pb2+>Cu2+>Cd2+>Cr3+.高浓度(1 mmol/L) Cu2+、Mn2+、Zn2+和Cr3+ 等重金属胁迫处理条件下,空心莲子草的根冠比增加,生物干重、总根长和总根表面积都相应降低.此外,高浓度(1 mmol/L) Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+或Zn2+分别胁迫处理条件下,空心莲子草的K+、Ca+和Mg+等元素的含量变化差异显著(P＜0.05).以上研究表明,空心莲子草通过改变体内钾钙镁等重要生长元素营养情况来适应重金属污染的胁迫,有很强的富集重金属元素的能力,进而降低污染、净化水体.空心莲子草对重金属污染的生长响应及体内重要矿物元素营养特性之间的相互关系,可能为重金属污染的水土生物修复提供理论依据.     

外源钙离子与南方菟丝子寄生对喜旱莲子草茎形态结构的影响

外源钙离子对植物响应外界环境胁迫具有重要作用.寄生植物对入侵植物具有显著的抑制作用.以入侵植物喜旱莲子草为研究对象,采用完全随机区组的实验设计分析不同钙离子浓度与南方菟丝子寄生对喜旱莲子草茎形态结构的影响,探讨外源钙离子在寄主植物响应寄生植物胁迫中的作用.研究结果表明南方菟丝子寄生可以显著改变喜旱莲子草茎的形态结构,如显著降低喜旱莲子草茎的总长、分枝数、分节数、茎直径和髓腔直径,显著增加茎的厚角厚度与皮层厚度.外源钙离子对喜旱莲子草茎总长、分枝数、分节数、茎直径、髓腔直径和维管束直径没有显著影响,但可增加喜旱莲子草茎的维管束数目,降低茎的节间长、厚角厚度与皮层厚度.外源钙离子与南方菟丝子寄生相互作用可以显著增加喜旱莲子草茎的厚角厚度与皮层厚度,表明南方菟丝子寄生与高浓度的钙离子对喜旱莲子草茎的厚角厚度和皮层厚度具有显著的拮抗的交互作用.这种交互作用可以提高寄主植物的防御能力,减少寄生植物对寄主植物的损伤.     

Control and spread of Alligator Weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., in Australia: lessons for other regions

Biological control of alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. has been successful in limiting growth in water in areas with mild or warm winters, but not on land. Until recently, herbicides have had very limited short term and no long term effectiveness. Several herbicides that now provide better control include: glyphosate over water, and metsulfuron and dichlobenil on land and in shallow water. The latter two are limited by lack of selectivity, contamination of water, and cost. Mechanical or manual control has provided local eradication of the weed at a few locations where infestations were small. Alligator weed is still spreading with new outbreaks on New South Wales, Australia (NSW) coastal beach areas and coastal river systems, and on inland waterbodies. Its use as a cultivated vegetable by some ethnic communities has resulted in many new locations in all eastern Australia states: Queensland to Tasmania. It is predicted that it will spread throughout much of coastal and inland southern Australia. The difficulties with management of this weed indicate that every effort should be made to prevent further invasion of wetlands and, in particular, its introduction to Africa, where it is predicted that all wetlands could support destructive levels of alligator weed growth.     

Sex ratio effects on copulation,fecundity and progeny fitness for Agasicles hygrophila,a biological control agent of alligator weed

Determining the best ratio of females to males of an insect's natural enemy is important for maximising population increase and promoting population establishment of a natural enemy. In this study, copulation behaviour, fecundity, progeny fitness and rate of population increase for the flea beetle, Agasicles hygrophila Selman & Vogt (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), were compared at different female percentage treatments (i.e., 80%, 66.7%, 50%, 33.3% and 20% females). The results showed that the copulation frequency and duration in males decreased, whereas those in females increased as the number of males increased. At 20%, 33.3% and 66.7% females, the rates of population increase were 3.4-, 2.17- and 0.79-fold higher than that at 50% females. Females at 20% and 33.3% were found to be optimal for mass rearing of the beetle.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nimbya alternantherae</Emphasis> a potential biocontrol agent for alligatorweed, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alternanthera philoxeroides</Emphasis>

Alligatorweed, (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.), an aquatic and wetland plant native to South America, is an aggressive weed in many parts of the world. Its ability to compete with other native plants and to impede waterways has made it a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. Although biological control with insects has been fairly successful in aquatic habitats, there is a need for additional agents to manage the weed in upland sites. Accordingly, in a survey in Brazil in 1997 a fungus, Nimbya (=Alternaria) alternantherae (Holcomb and Antonopoulus) Simmons and Alcorn, was discovered and confirmed to be highly damaging to alligatorweed. Studies were conducted to determine the potential of this fungus for controlling this weed. Several isolates from Brazil, USA, and Puerto Rico were compared and no differences in virulence were observed, although a lower dew requirement was demonstrated for the Brazilian isolates. Conidia were more effective than mycelial suspension, and inoculum concentrations of 1×10⁵ and 1×10⁶ conidia per ml provided significant levels of control of the weed in greenhouse and field experiments, respectively. In a host-range study, N. alternantherae infected 6 plant species from a total of 42 species belonging to 23 families. N. alternantherae has the potential to be an effective mycoherbicide for alligatorweed.     

Effects of soil nitrogen levels on growth and defense of the native and introduced genotypes of alligator weed

土壤氮水平对喜旱莲子草原产地和引入地基因型生长和防御的影响 同种植物生长在资源丰富生境中的个体,其防御水平被认为低于生长在资源匮乏生境中的个体。然而,生境的养分水平如何影响植物的诱导抗性和耐受性,以及这种影响在入侵植物的原产地和引入 地种群间是否存在差异,目前均知之甚少。本研究以入侵植物喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)的原产地阿根廷和引入地美国的基因型为研究对象设计同质园实验,以探究土壤氮水平对植物的生长、组成和诱导性[莲草直胸跳甲(Agasicles hygrophila)取食诱导]化学防御以及耐受性的影响。实验中,我们测定了植物总生物量、伸长速率(生长速率的表征)以及叶片和根系中总碳、总氮和三萜皂苷(化学防御物质)的含量。研究结果显示,植物在低土壤氮水平下表现出较高的组成抗性(植物在低土壤氮水平下的叶片三萜皂苷含量高于其在高土壤氮水平的33%)和耐受性[植物被取食后总生物量下降的程度更低(植物在高土壤氮水平和低土壤氮水平下被取食后总生物量分别下降了24%和15%)],而在高土壤氮水平下表现出较高的诱导抗性(在高土壤氮水平下的植物被取食后叶片三萜皂苷含量与空白对照的植物相比升高了24%)。植物的组成抗性和耐受性与生长速率存在权衡,但诱导抗性与生长速率存在显著的正相关性。此外,引入地基因型在低土壤氮水平下叶片碳含量显著低于原产地基因型(-6%),但这种差异在高土壤氮水平下消失。这些结果表明,土壤氮水平 影响植物对不同防御策略的选择偏好,并且在决定引入地基因型的表现时与植食作用存在交互作用。     

基于根系形态可塑性的空心莲子草克隆分工特征

资源在空间和时间上不均匀分布现象往往形成资源异质性斑块,克隆植物凭借强大的侧向生长能力占据广阔空间,分株间的生理连接促进了其对异质性生境的适应。克隆分株首先通过资源获取结构的功能特化来提高从各种资源富养斑块中的养分获取,然后通过克隆整合作用实现分株间的养分传输,这种功能特化和资源共享模式被称为‘分工’。该文以入侵克隆植物空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)为研究对象,研究其根系对资源异质性分布的形态可塑性响应;通过调节光照强度和土壤养分来实现资源的异质性分布,共设置4个处理:1近端分株高光低养—远端分株高光低养(HL-HL),2近端分株低光高养—远端分株低光高养(LH-LH),3近端分株高光低养—远端分株低光高养(HL-LH),4近端分株低光高养—远端分株高光低养(LH-HL);使用WinRHIZO Pro软件分析相关根系指标,SPSS 18.0单因素方差(one-way ANOVA)分析方法分析异质性条件对近、远端分株以及整个克隆片段的影响。结果表明:异质性斑块中经历高光低养的分株分配更多的生物量到地上部分,经历低光高养的分株分配更多的生物量到地下部分,空心莲子草通过调整对地上和地下部分的生物量分配比例实现了克隆分工;异质性斑块中,生长在富养斑块中的空心莲子草分株根系有更高的根生物量、根长、根表面积、根体积以及分枝系数等,表明空心莲子草分株根系通过对异质性斑块的形态可塑性变化提高了土壤养分的吸收能力。由此可见,空心莲子草通过对资源获取结构的功能特化提高了其资源吸收能力,这可能是其具强入侵能力的重要原因。     

Nitrogen addition increases intraspecific competition in the invasive wetland plant Alternanthera philoxeroides,but not in its native congener Alternanthera sessilis

Nitrogen is often released in pulses with different frequencies, and N supply pulses may affect growth, reproduction, and biomass allocation of plants. However, few studies have examined how N supply pulses affect intraspecific competition of clonal plants and whether such an effect depends on the N supply amount. We grew one (no competition) or 12 ramets (with intraspecific competition) of both an invasive clonal plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and its native congener Alternanthera sessilis in five different N treatments: control (no N addition), low/high amount with low/high frequencies (pulses). Nitrogen addition significantly increased the growth of both species, while intraspecific competition decreased it. Nitrogen addition significantly increased intraspecific competitive intensity of A. philoxeroides as measured by the log response ratio of growth traits, but did not affect that of A. sessilis. Despite the N supply amount, N pulses had little effect on the growth and thus intraspecific competition of the two species. Therefore, increasing N deposition may change population structure and dynamics and the invasion succession of A. philoxeroides, but changes in N pulses may not.