雌先熟植物茄参 （茄科）的繁育系统

对分布于云南西北部的茄参（Mandragora caulescens）的繁育系统进行了研究。茄参的花期为5月底到6月初,单花持续时间为（9.9±2.8）d,其性表达方式为雌性先熟。有三种昆虫拜访茄参的花,白背熊蜂蜂王是最有效的传粉昆虫,但其访花频率很低;苍蝇和蚂蚁的访花频率较高,但苍蝇传粉效率十分有限;蚂蚁是窃蜜者。授粉实验证明茄参具有部分自交亲和能力,但由于雌性先熟,不具备主动自交能力。人工添加异交花粉显著提高了结实率和结籽数,证明茄参存在花粉限制。茄科的大部分植物是严格自交不亲和的,但茄参族的茄参是自交部分亲和,这和茄科天仙子族的部分成员类似。我们认为这两个独立起源于新世界向欧亚大陆扩散事件的族,各自从自交不亲和向自交亲和转变可能与高山地区恶劣的自然条件有关,这种繁育系统的进化模式是否具有普遍性值得进一步研究。     

Classification and ordination of plant communities along an altitudinal gradient on the Presidential Range,New Hampshire,USA

An analysis of vegetation along an altitudinal gradient on the Presidential Range, New Hampshire, USA, using the Braun–Blanquet approach followed by multivariate data analysis is presented. Twelve main plant communities have been distinguished. Floristic information is presented in twelve tables and one appendix. The relationships of the communities to complex environmental gradients are analyzed using Correspondence Analysis. Floristic composition and community structure are controlled primarily by the altitudinal gradient (temperature, precipitation), and by mesotopographic conditions (snow accumulation, exposure and cryoturbation, slope position, and soil moisture).     

CO2 efflux from a Mediterranean semi-arid forest soil. I. Seasonality and effects of stoniness

We studied the seasonality of total soil CO₂efflux and labeled C-CO₂ released from ¹⁴Clabeled straw incubated in the H horizon of asemi-arid Mediterranean forest soil. Fieldmeasurements were carried out over 520 days in aseries of reconstructed soil profiles with and withouta gravel layer below the H horizon. We monitored soilclimate and related this to soil CO₂ efflux.Seasonal variations in soil CO₂ efflux in asemiarid Mediterranean forest were mainly related tochanges in soil temperature. In spite of drought, highrespiration rates were observed in mid summer. Highsoil CO₂ efflux in hot and dry episodes wasattributed to increases in soil biological activity.The minimum soil CO₂ efflux occurred in latesummer also under dry conditions, probably related toa decrease in soil biological activity in deephorizons. Biological activity in organic layers waslimited by water potential () in summer and bytemperature in winter. Rewetting a dry soil resultedin large increases in soil CO₂ efflux only at hightemperatures. These large increases represented asignificant contribution to the decomposition oforganic matter in the uppermost horizons. Soilbiological activity in the uppermost horizons was moresensitive to changes in soil and hence tosummer rainstorms than the bulk soil microbialactivity. The presence of a layer of gravel improvedboth moisture and temperature conditions for thedecomposition of organic matter. As a result, soilCO₂ efflux increased in soils containing rockfragments. These effects were especially large for theorganic layers.     

增氮对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤甲烷吸收的早期影响

研究大气氮沉降对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤CH4吸收的影响,对于揭示氮素调节土壤CH4吸收的机制和评价氮沉降增加背景下大气CH4收支平衡至关重要.通过构建多形态、低剂量的增氮控制试验,测定土壤CH4净交换通量和相关土壤理化性质,分析高寒草甸土壤CH4通量变化特征及其主要驱动因子.研究结果表明:自然状态下高寒草甸土壤是大气CH4汇,CH4平均吸收量为(35.40±1.92) μg· m-2· h-1.土壤CH4吸收主要受水分驱动,其次为土壤NH4+-N和NO3-N含量.NH4+-N抑制CH4吸收,NO3--N促进CH4吸收;不同剂量氮素输入对土壤CH4吸收影响也不尽相同,低氮处理促进土壤CH4吸收,而中氮和高氮处理抑制土壤CH4吸收.结果显示青藏高原高寒草甸土壤是重要的大气CH4汇,在未来大气氮沉降加倍的情景下CH4汇功能增强,但当氮沉降量增加两倍以上时CH4汇功能将会减弱.     

陆地生态系统氮沉降增加的生态效应

 人类活动在全球范围内极大地改变着氮素从大气向陆地生态系统输入的方式和速率，人为固定的氮素正在不断积累，并对生态系统的结构和功 能产生显著影响。该文从以下几个方面综述了大气氮沉降增加对陆地生态系统的影响：1)氮输入增加可能影响植物生产力和生态系统碳蓄积能 力，生态系统响应的方向和程度取决于系统的初始氮状况(氮限制或氮饱和)以及当地的植被和土壤特征；2)持续氮输入有可能改变土壤氮循环 过程，降低土壤固持氮的能力，甚至导致土壤酸化、盐基离子损耗，进而影响到土壤有机碳的分解；3)高的氮沉降速率和持续氮输入都可能加 速含氮痕量气体的释放，但其影响程度受生态系统初始状态的影响(例如磷限制和氮限制)；4)氮沉降增加会影响生态系统的物种丰富度、植物 群落结构和动态，促进森林扩张，改变菌根真菌的物种多样性；5)持续氮输入带来的植物群落结构和植物生理特征的变化可能影响昆虫取食特 性，进而通过食物链改变生态系统的营养结构；6) 氮沉降增加对生态系统的影响并不是孤立存在的，它与CO₂浓度升高和O₃浓度变化有协同作 用，但难以从其协同效应中区分出各自的影响。最后，该文总结了我国的氮沉降研究现状，并对今后的研究前景提出了展望。     

Anatomical features, monomer lignin composition and accumulation of phenolics in 1-year-old branches of the Mediterranean Cistus ladanifer L.

Mediterranean shrub species are described as having phenology, habitus , reproductive biology and anatomical alterations in certain tissues, allowing their survival during the dry season and protecting them from herbivory. Anatomical and chemical analyses were conducted in 1-year-old branches of Cistus ladanifer L. in order to investigate the role played by shoot structure in the adaptive strategies of this species in the Mediterranean environment. Results showed that both xylem and pith underwent lignification. Pith parenchyma cells had thickened walls, higher lignin content than xylem and different monomer composition. Xylem presented features aiding safe water transport. A large accumulation of phenolic substances was found in xylem, pith and cortical parenchyma. Observations reported in this paper suggest the occurrence of adaptive strategies in 1-year-old branches of C. ladanifer whose structural features: (1) allow mechanical reinforcement of tissues to withstand drought without suffering permanent damage; (2) favour safety rather than efficiency in water transport; (3) defend the plants from animal predation and pathogens by accumulating phenolics in various tissues, and (4) protect inner tissues against UV-B radiation through deposition of phenolic compounds in cortical layers.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 155 , 361–371.     

甘肃兴隆山保护区圈养雄性马麝繁殖性能的行为判别

2000年6月至2001年2月,采用焦点取样连续记录方法,对甘肃兴隆山自然保护区马麝(Moschus sifanicus)繁育中心的雄性马麝进行了行为取样。按马麝爬胯结果,将样本动物区分为爬胯成功雄麝和爬胯失败雄麝,并对两类群雄麝在非交配季节(6—10月)和交配季节(11月—翌年1月)的行为格局分别进行了比较分析。结果表明,在单位取样时间(5min)内,爬胯成功雄麝在非交配季节的摄食行为持续时间显著少于爬胯失败雄麝,而静卧和蹭尾行为的持续时间显著多于爬胯失败雄麝。爬胯成功雄麝在交配季节的静卧时间显著少于爬胯失败雄麝,而攻击行为、蹭尾及粪尿标记的持续时间显著多于爬胯失败雄麝。根据以上结果,在麝类迁地保护和驯养实践中,雄性马麝的静卧和蹭尾行为(尤其是蹭尾)可以作为其爬胯成功度及繁殖性能的行为判别指标。这为马麝驯养实践,尤其是在提高配种雄麝选取的直观性及可操作性方面提供了量化行为参数。     

Projecting the future of an alpine ungulate under climate change scenarios

Climate change represents a primary threat to species persistence and biodiversity at a global scale. Cold adapted alpine species are especially sensitive to climate change and can offer key “early warning signs” about deleterious effects of predicted change. Among mountain ungulates, survival, a key determinant of demographic performance, may be influenced by future climate in complex, and possibly opposing ways. Demographic data collected from 447 mountain goats in 10 coastal Alaska, USA, populations over a 37‐year time span indicated that survival is highest during low snowfall winters and cool summers. However, general circulation models (GCMs) predict future increase in summer temperature and decline in winter snowfall. To disentangle how these opposing climate‐driven effects influence mountain goat populations, we developed an age‐structured population model to project mountain goat population trajectories for 10 different GCM/emissions scenarios relevant for coastal Alaska. Projected increases in summer temperature had stronger negative effects on population trajectories than the positive demographic effects of reduced winter snowfall. In 5 of the 10 GCM/representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios, the net effect of projected climate change was extinction over a 70‐year time window (2015–2085); smaller initial populations were more likely to go extinct faster than larger populations. Using a resource selection modeling approach, we determined that distributional shifts to higher elevation (i.e., “thermoneutral”) summer range was unlikely to be a viable behavioral adaptation strategy; due to the conical shape of mountains, summer range was expected to decline by 17%–86% for 7 of the 10 GCM/RCP scenarios. Projected declines of mountain goat populations are driven by climate‐linked bottom‐up mechanisms and may have wide ranging implications for alpine ecosystems. These analyses elucidate how projected climate change can negatively alter population dynamics of a sentinel alpine species and provide insight into how demographic modeling can be used to assess risk to species persistence.     

甘肃兴隆山自然保护区马麝夏季栖息地特征及生境选择格局

2006—2008年夏季(7—8月),对甘肃兴隆山自然保护区马麝(Moschus Sifanicus)的栖息地特征和夏季生境选择格局进行了研究。用Mann-Whitney U检验和χ2检验比较了马麝夏季利用生境样地(n=71)和对照性非利用样地(n=264)间的海拔等17个生态变量的差异,结果表明,兴隆山马麝夏季利用生境的郁闭度[(53.87±3.09)%]和乔木均高[(7.57±0.83)m]均显著大于非利用样地[郁闭度:(49.07±1.66)%,乔木均高:(6.33±0.32)m],喜食植物多度[(12.97±1.80)]株也显著大于非利用样地[(9.61±0.67)株]。此外,与非利用样地相比,兴隆山马麝夏季倾向于选择位于中坡位较陡(67.61%)、距离水源较近(<1000m,77.46%)、隐蔽度(88.73%)和避风性均较好(90%)及距人为干扰较远(>1000m,76.06%)的生境;主成分分析结果表明,前4个因子的累积贡献率达72.45%,由乔木胸径和乔木郁闭度变量组成的乔木因子是决定马麝夏季生境选择的首要因素,此外,海拔因子,由地表植被盖度和食物多度组成的食物因子,由灌木盖度、乔木密度和灌木...