关联分析在作物种质资源分子评价中的应用

发掘优异基因资源是作物种质资源分子评价的重要部分,对作物育种尤其是分子育种具有非常重要的实践意义。基于连锁不平衡(LD)的关联分析是基因发掘也是等位基因发掘的有效途径。本文系统介绍了关联分析的基本理论、策略、特点及应用现状,并探讨了其在作物种质资源新(等位)基因发掘中的发展趋势及展望。可以预见,与传统QTL作图及功能基因组学相整合的关联分析必将大大加快我国作物种质资源的研究进程,实现我国种质资源优势向基因资源优势的转变。     

Molecular phylogenetic study of the Iranians based on polymorphic markers

The application of polymorphic markers in construction of phylogenetic trees has been documented. Five polymorphic markers located in the PAH gene region including PAH-BglII, PAH-PvuII(A), PAH-EcoRI, PAH-MspI and PAH-STR were selected for analysis of phylogenetic relationships of the Iranians with 15 other populations of the world. The lowest genetic distance was observed between the Iranians and populations residing in Adygei (an ethnic group of the Russian Caucasus), Russia and Druze (a Middle Eastern group). However, East Asian populations including Han, Japanese and Cambodians, Khmer or the Oceanians (Melanesian, Nasioi) showed high genetic distance with the Iranians. The data suggested that the Iranians might have relatively close evolutionary history with the populations residing in Russia rather than East Asian populations. This study provided the first new molecular insight into the evolutionary history of the Iranian population.     

Effects of stripe rust on the evolution of genetically diverse wheat populations

Summary Eighteen populations, composed of four wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties that were originally mixed together at equal frequencies, were grown for one-to-three generations at two locations. In addition, pure stands of the four varieties were grown in each year. Populations were either exposed to two stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) races, protected from stripe rust, or exposed to alternating years of diseased and disease-free conditions. Regression of the logit of a variety's frequency versus generation number was used to calculate the relative fitness of each variety in each population. These analyses suggest that the relative fitnesses of the wheat varieties were affected by disease and geographic location and were constant over time. However, frequency-changes of varieties in the mixtures were negatively correlated with their planting frequencies (0.0001 < P < 0.085 in 14 out of 16 cases), suggesting that fitnesses were frequency-dependent in both the presence and absence of disease. We hypothesize that failure to detect frequency-dependence of fitness in the logit analyses was due to a limited number of generations and a limited range of initial variety frequencies. This is supported by data from longer-term studies in the literature that provide evidence for frequency-dependence of fitness in plant mixtures. Analyses of currently available field data suggest that stable equilibria may be a more likely outcome for mixtures of varieties that are more closely related and/or more uniformly adapted to the environment in which they are grown.Paper No. 9820 of the journal series of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Genetic studies among Kanet and Koli of Kinnar district in Himachal Pradesh,India

Data are presented on serological and electrophoretic variants of 18 systems of red cells in 228 individuals belonging to a scheduled tribe (Kanet) and a scheduled caste (Koli) of Kinnar district in Himachal Pradesh, India. Differences in gene frequencies clearly indicate biological distinction in the local population. The possible cause of this genetic heterogeneity is discussed.     

Red cell enzyme polymorphism: Gene differentiation in three populations of Maharashtra,India

Blood samples of 1,266 individuals were collected from three caste populations; Nava Budha (Mahar), Maratha, and a mixed group of Scheduled castes from each of three districts of Maharashtra, Nagpur, Akola, and Thane. The samples were tested for 12 enzyme systems, viz., AcPh, AK, CA-I, CA-II, Est-D, LDH, MDH, Oxidase, PGM-1, PGM-2, 6-PGD, and PHI. The gene frequencies of these loci are within the ranges observed among the Indian populations so far studied. The total differences in gene frequencies for each polymorphic locus was partitioned into three components, i.e., the differences between caste populations, the differences between regions, and the differences due to interaction between caste populations and regions. The results show that besides caste variation for two loci, Est-D and PGM-1, the gene frequencies for AK, Est-D, and G-6PD loci have different geographical distributions.     

Eight novel microsatellite markers from the Père David’s deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Elaphurus davidianus</Emphasis>)

Père David’s deer underwent known bottlenecks but has recovered to more than 2000 individuals in China, making it interesting to assess its genetic variability from a microsatellite perspective. For this purpose, we developed eight novel microsatellite loci using magnetic-bead enrichment methods. These microsatellite markers revealed a low level of genetic variation in the David’s deer, showing two alleles each locus, 0.31 and 0.38 for average observed and expected heterozyogosities, respectively. Combined with previous cross-species primers, this set of markers would play an important role in future genetic investigation of the David’s deer.     

The forensic debut of the NRC's DNA report: Population structure,ceiling frequencies and the need for numbers

This paper reviews judicial opinions that have discussed the April 1992 recommendations of a committee of the U.S. National Research Council concerning the statistics of forensic DNA profiles obtained with single-locus VNTR probes. It observes that a few courts have held ceiling frequencies (as opposed to less conservative estimates) admissible, but that the implications of the scientific criticisms of the ceiling procedures have yet to be addressed adequately in court opinions. It urges courts to distinguish between policy judgments and scientific assessments in both the NRC report and the scientific literature, and to defer less to the former than to the latter.Editor's commentsScientists caught up in the debate over the use of DNA for human identification may not be fully aware of the legal consequences of their pronouncements. The author provides a very useful discussion of these consequences in showing how courts have interpreted the 1992 NRC report.     

Die intracytoplasmatische Organellenverteilung als Indikator gerichteter Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Kapillarsystem und zentralnervösen Zellkomplexen

Zusammenfassung Funktionelle Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Kapillarsystem und zentralnervösen Zellkomplexen wurden im Oberschlundganglion von Lumbricus terrestris L. mit einer weiterentwickelten morphometrischen Methode nach dem Punktzählverfahren sichtbar gemacht. Die Häufigkeitsverteilung von Mitochondrien und endoplasmatischem Retikulum (ER) wurde zur Charakterisierung der metabolischen Koppelung der Perikapillarzellen, Gliazellen und Neurone herangezogen. Danach sind die Neuron-Glia-Komplexe asymmetrisch um die Hirnkapillaren verteilt. Aus morphometrischen Befunden wird geschlossen, daß die Wege des transzellulären Metaboliten-Austausches, der von den unterschiedlichen Stoffwechselleistungen der Mitochondrien und des endoplasmatischen Retikulums abhängt, meist entgegengesetzt gerichtet sind. Zellsysteme mit Kapillarkontakt unterscheiden sich durch ihre auf Gefäße orientierte Häufigkeitsverteilung der Mitochondrien und des ER von kapillarfernen Neuron-Glia-Komplexen. Die Abhängigkeit der Neurone von der umgebenden Hüllglia wird in gefäßfernen Gebieten durch die gleichsinnige Ausrichtung der Häufigkeitsmaxima der Mitochondrien- und ER-Verteilung in beiden Zelltypen sichtbar.

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The intracellular distribution of organelles as an indicator of metabolie interrelationships between capillaries and cell complexes in the central nervous system of Lumbricus terrestris L.

Summary Results obtained in Lumbricus terrestris L. by a modified morphometric pointcounting method suggest functional interrelationships between the capillary system and certain nerve cell-glia complexes of the supraoesophageal ganglion. The distribution of the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the pericapillary cells, in the neuroglia and in the neurons was used to characterize different types of functional cell-coupling. Nerve cell-neuroglia complexes are arranged in an asymmetric pattern around the capillaries. On the basis of morphometric calculations it is shown that there are two main axes of distribution of mitochondria or ER which are arranged at right angles to each other. Therefore it is suggested that there exist two different types of transcellular metabolic pathways characterized by either high concentrations of mitochondria or ER. The orientation of the distribution frequencies of mitochondria and ER in juxtavascular neurons, glial-and pericapillary cells suggests that these cells are metabolically linked. In contrast to the juxtavascular cell complexes the distribution frequencies of mitochondria and ER in nerve cells and glial cells at some distance from the capillaries were not at right angles but overlapped. From this observation it is apparent that these peripheral neurons depend metabolically on their glial satellites.

Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Genetic structure of the R-Navajo allele in maize,Zea mays L.

Summary Mutational and recombinational analyses carried out with the R-nj allele in maize to elucidate the genetic mechanism involved in unique pattern formation and origin of occasional self-coloured kernels in this stock revealed that R-nj represents a complex with two closely linked discrete components. The self-colour (Sc) component is responsible for anthocyanin production and the navajo (Nj) component regulates the time of onset and termination of pigment synthesis restricting the pigmentation to the crown region of the kernel. The probable gene order in the R region of the R-nj:Illinois isolate is: G-Sc-Nj-K.