Development and characterization of novel, polymorphic microsatellite markers for oat crown rust, Puccinia coronata

We report the development of 37 novel and polymorphic microsatellite markers for oat crown rust, Puccinia coronata f.sp. avenae. The allelic diversity ranged from two to 16 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 0.971, and expected heterozygosity from 0.057 to 0.848. Thirteen of the loci were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, due to either the presence of null alleles, small sample size, or the effects of population subdivision (Wahlund's effect). All 37 primer pairs were tested with P. graminis and P. triticina showing that they are specific to P. coronata.     

Neighbour species richness and local structural variability modulate aboveground allocation patterns and crown morphology of individual trees

Local neighbourhood interactions are considered a main driver for biodiversity–productivity relationships in forests. Yet, the structural responses of individual trees in species mixtures and their relation to crown complementarity remain poorly understood. Using a large‐scale forest experiment, we studied the impact of local tree species richness and structural variability on above‐ground wood volume allocation patterns and crown morphology. We applied terrestrial laser scanning to capture the three‐dimensional structure of trees and their temporal dynamics. We found that crown complementarity and crown plasticity increased with species richness. Trees growing in species‐rich neighbourhoods showed enhanced aboveground wood volume both in trunks and branches. Over time, neighbourhood diversity induced shifts in wood volume allocation in favour of branches, in particular for morphologically flexible species. Our results demonstrate that diversity‐mediated shifts in allocation pattern and crown morphology are a fundamental mechanism for crown complementarity and may be an important driver of overyielding.     

Competing paradigms of Amazonian diversification and the Pleistocene refugium hypothesis

Evidence from butterflies and birds suggests that most extant Amazonian species arose during the Pleistocene (< 2.6 Ma). If these speciation events share common, extrinsic causes, their explanation probably involves climate‐driven biogeographical shifts, because the major orogenic events shaping the biogeography of the Neotropics were over by then. In the light of these observations, criticisms of the Pleistocene refugium hypothesis are examined.     

豌豆茎基腐病病原菌分离鉴定及其对杀菌剂的敏感性测定

豌豆(Pisum sativum)是我国重要的豆类经济作物, 病害对豌豆生产造成重大经济损失。通过形态学观察、分子鉴定以及致病性测定, 最终确定引起豌豆茎基腐病的3种病原菌分别为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、芸苔链格孢菌(Alternaria brassicae)和格氏镰刀菌(F. grosmichelii), 优势菌株为尖孢镰刀菌, 分离率为53.6%。室内毒力测定结果表明, 5种供试杀菌剂对3种病原菌的菌丝生长均有抑制作用, 其中咯菌腈和戊唑醇的抑菌效果最好。研究结果为豌豆茎基腐病的防治提供了科学依据。     

思茅松天然林树冠结构模型

以云南省普洱市思茅区思茅松天然林为研究对象,采用枝解析调查了34株思茅松样木的树冠数据,分析了一级枝枝长、枝径、着枝角度、弦长和树冠半径5个树冠形状变量的变化规律,分别构建其预估模型;分析了树冠结构变化,分别构建了一级枝轮枝高度预估模型、一级枝枝条数量预估模型和一级枝枝条数量累积预估模型,并采用独立样本进行模型统计精度检验。结果表明:8个预估模型的预测效果良好,精度达到91%以上,尤其是一级枝着枝角度模型和一级枝轮枝高度模型预测精度达到97%以上。研究结果合理准确描述思茅松树冠结构的变化,为思茅松天然林的经营管理提供科学依据。     

Linkage between Frl (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici resistance) and Tm-2 (tobacco mosaic virus resistance-2) loci in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

A study was carried out on the linkage relationship between the Frl locus carrying resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici and the Tm-2 locus carrying resistance to several races of tobacco mosaic virus in the tomato inbred line IRB-301-31. The inbred line Motelle (Frl⁺/Frl⁺, Tm-2⁺/Tm-2⁺) was crossed with the inbred line IRB-301-31 (Frl/Frl, Tm-2/Tm-l). The resulting 222 F₂ plants were selfed, and from each F₃ family groups of 15–60 seedlings were tested for resistance to either F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici or tobacco mosaic virus race 0. Segregation data indicated a very tight linkage between Frl and Tm-2, equal to 5.1 ± 1.07 map units.     

不同密度红桦幼苗苗冠结构与竞争对CO2浓度升高的响应

研究了两个种植密度下,红桦 (Betula albosinensis)苗冠结构特征对CO₂浓度的响应,在此基础上探讨了CO₂浓度升高对植物竞争压力的影响。结果表明,冠幅、冠高、苗冠表面积和苗冠体积均受CO₂浓度升高的影响而增加,但是受密度增加的影响而降低。CO₂浓度升高对苗冠的促进效应在低密度条件下大于高密度处理,高密度条件下苗冠基本特征部分地受到CO₂浓度升高的促进作用;升高种植密度的效应则在高CO₂浓度条件下大于现行CO₂浓度处理。高CO₂浓度和高密度条件下,LDcpa（单位苗冠投影面积叶片数）、LDcv（单位苗冠体积叶片数） 和苗冠底部枝条的枝角均低于相应的现行CO₂浓度处理和低密度处理,这主要是由于冠幅和冠高的快速生长所造成的。升高CO₂浓度对枝条长度的影响与枝条在主茎上所处位置有关。总之,升高CO₂浓度有利于降低增加种植密度对苗冠所带来的负效应,而增加种植密度降低了升高CO₂浓度的正效应。LDcpa和LDcv的降低表明,红桦在升高CO₂浓度和种植密度的条件下,会作出积极的响应,从而缓解由于生长的增加所带来的竞争压力的增加。     

不同郁闭度下胸高直径对杉木冠幅特征因子的影响

树冠是树木进行光合作用和呼吸作用的重要场所,冠幅和冠长率直接影响树木的生活力和生产力。以湖南省黄丰桥国有林场103块杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林样地为例,样地按郁闭度CD≥0.8(类型1)、0.7≤CD<0.8(类型2)、0.6≤CD<0.7(类型3)、0.5≤CD<0.6(类型4)和CD<0.5(类型5)划分5个等级。分析不同等级林分中树木冠幅和冠长率的分布结构以及与胸径的关系,同时利用非线性混合效应模型分析各类型郁闭度对冠幅和冠长率的随机影响。研究结果表明:5种类型的冠幅大小主要分布在区间(2.5—4.0m)之间,分别占65.82%、69.56%、70.79%、58.15%和53.21%,小于1.5 m和大于5.0 m分布较少;5种类型冠长率主要分布在区间(0.3—0.7)之间,分别占55.69%、71.93%、67.01%、82.22%和79.28%,在区间小于0.2和大于0.8分布较少,大于0.9的冠长率几乎没有;冠幅与胸径之间呈现较弱的线性相关性,而冠长率与胸径之间几乎线性不相关。在相同的胸高直径时,类型5的冠幅最大,而类型1的冠幅最小。对于冠长率,恰好相反,即类型1的冠长率最大,而类型5的冠长率最小;同时给出的冠幅模型(模型11)和冠长率模型(模型14)具有较高的预测精度,在实际应用中可以利用它们对冠幅和冠长率进行预测。     

Synthesis of l‐threitol‐based crown ethers and their application as enantioselective phase transfer catalyst in Michael additions

A few new l ‐threitol‐based lariat ethers incorporating a monoaza‐15‐crown‐5 unit were synthesized starting from diethyl l ‐tartrate. These macrocycles were used as phase transfer catalysts in asymmetric Michael addition reactions under mild conditions to afford the adducts in a few cases in good to excellent enantioselectivities. The addition of 2‐nitropropane to trans ‐chalcone, and the reaction of diethyl acetamidomalonate with β‐nitrostyrene resulted in the chiral Michael adducts in good enantioselectivities (90% and 95%, respectively). The substituents of chalcone had a significant impact on the yield and enantioselectivity in the reaction of diethyl acetoxymalonate. The highest enantiomeric excess (ee ) values (99% ee ) were measured in the case of 4‐chloro‐ and 4‐methoxychalcone. The phase transfer catalyzed cyclopropanation reaction of chalcone and benzylidene‐malononitriles using diethyl bromomalonate as the nucleophile (MIRC reaction) was also developed. The corresponding chiral cyclopropane diesters were obtained in moderate to good (up to 99%) enantioselectivities in the presence of the threitol‐based crown ethers.