Influence of membrane fouling reducers (MFRs) on filterability of disperse mixed liquor of jet loop bioreactors

The effects of membrane fouling reducers (MFRs) (the cationic polyelectrolyte (CPE) and FeCI₃) on membrane fouling were studied in a lab-scale jet loop submerged membrane bioreactor (JL-SMBR) system. The optimum dosages of MFRs (CPE dosage = 20 mg g⁻¹MLSS, FeCI₃ dosage = 14 mg g⁻¹MLSS) were continuously fed to JL-SMBR system. The soluble and bound EPS concentrations as well as MLSS concentration in the mixed liquor of JL-SMBR were not changed substantially by the addition of MFRs. However, significant differences were observed in particle size and relative hydrophobicity. Filtration tests were performed by using different membrane types (polycarbonate (PC) and nitrocellulose mixed ester (ME)) and various pore sizes (0.45-0.22-0.1 μm). The steady state fluxes (J_ss) of membranes increased at all membranes after MFRs addition to JL-SMBR. The filtration results showed that MFRs addition was an effective approach in terms of improvement in filtration performance for both membrane types.     

Influence of humic substances on bioavailability of Cu and Zn during sewage sludge composting

Influence of humic substances (HS) on bioavailability of Cu and Zn was characterized during 120 days co-composting of sewage sludge and maize straw. At the initial stage of composting, Cu and Zn in sewage sludge were released as organic matter was degraded, and water soluble Cu and Zn increased markedly. Water soluble Cu and FA content decreased after 21 days whereas water soluble Zn increased during the whole process. Both HA-Cu and HA-Zn were significantly and positively correlated with HA and H/F, respectively. At the end of composting, the distribution coefficients of HA-Cu and HA-Zn reached 27.50% and 3.33% respectively with HA-Cu/HA-Zn ratio increased from 1.29 to 2.73. The results suggest that Cu combined with HA more strongly than Zn, and composting treatment could decrease bioavailability of Cu markedly.     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌抗真菌活性研究进展

解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)具有很强的抑制植物病原真菌的能力。其菌体细胞能产生多种酶类、脂肽类抗生素、生物表面活性素、聚酮类化合物和抑菌蛋白,同时具有诱导植物产生系统抗性(ISR)的能力,因此在工农业、种植业、养殖业、食品加工业、果蔬的采后保鲜和饲料业等行业具有重要价值。本文对解淀粉芽胞杆菌抗真菌作用、抗真菌能力提高策略、抗菌化合物合成调节、抑制真菌机制及其引发的ISR等问题进行了深入探讨和综述。     

食源性致病菌激活NLRP3炎症小体及食源性功能物质的抑制机理研究进展

食源性致病菌感染是引起食源性疾病的首要因素,严重影响人类健康。炎症小体通过识别受体感知入侵宿主的危险信号进而组装形成多聚蛋白复合物,从而诱导炎症反应,是先天免疫系统中识别食源性病原菌感染和清除病原体的重要防线。NLRP3炎症小体是位于胞内的炎症反应平台,可以感知多种病原微生物的侵袭,在先天性免疫反应中起着至关重要的作用。食源性致病菌感染常引起NLRP3炎症小体的异常激活,介导多种炎症性疾病的发生和发展,因此,许多抗炎研究中常常以NLRP3炎症小体作为靶点。本文总结了食源性致病菌及其代谢产物激活NLRP3炎症小体的分子机制,以及天然产物和膳食功能物质抑制NLRP3炎症小体激活的机理,为治疗炎症性疾病、开发缓解致病菌诱导的炎症反应的功能化合物提供新的思路。     

真菌源激发子对采后葡萄果皮抗性产生的诱导

利用细胞壁提取法从葡萄采后致病菌Alternaria alternate(Fr．)Keissl中提取出激发子。在采前一周用激发子处理葡萄,研究激发子诱导葡萄采后抗病效果。结果表明：葡萄经激发子处理后,果皮内与抗病有关的过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性显著增强,酚类物质和木质素含量也显著提高,贮藏期自然发病率和发病指数降低,其中以125μg·mL-1处理效果最好,果实发病率和发病指数比对照降低500％左右。     

C/N驱动优势细菌菌群变化影响堆肥碳氮损失和腐殖质合成

为了探明C/N如何驱动堆肥过程中优势细菌菌群的变化而影响碳氮损失和腐殖质合成,设置3个C/N处理(20∶1、25∶1和30∶1),以羊粪和玉米秸秆为原料进行堆肥试验。结果表明: 与20∶1处理相比,30∶1和25∶1处理堆肥的碳、氮损失分别降低了33.5%、18.9%和23.6%、10.8%。优势细菌菌群、碳氮损失及有机碳组分的冗余分析表明,高C/N提高了堆肥中固氮细菌的种类和丰度,降低了反硝化细菌的种类和丰度,减少了堆肥过程中的碳氮损失;高C/N促进了木质纤维素类降解菌的生长繁殖,促进了富里酸和胡敏素降解而合成更多胡敏酸,提高了堆肥腐殖化程度。可见,C/N可通过影响堆肥中关键优势细菌菌群而影响堆肥过程和堆肥质量,调节堆肥原料C/N可以调控堆肥中碳氮损失和腐殖质的合成,从而提高堆肥质量并减少堆肥的二次环境污染。     

Hemicellulosic polymers of cabbage leaves

The hemicellulosic polymers of depectinated cell-wall material of immature cabbage leaves have been extracted by alkali, fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography and their structural features studied. In the 1 M potassium hydroxide-soluble fraction the main polymers are arabinoxylan-xyloglucan-pectic, arabinoxylan-pectic-protein and arabinoxylan-xyloglucan-pectic-protein complexes. Small amounts of polysaccharide-protein-polyphenol complexes are also present. In the 4 M potassium hydroxide-soluble fraction the predominant polymers are two xyloglucans, the major one of which appears to have ca 10% of(1 → 4)-linked and 3% of(1 → 4,6)-linked mannose residues associated with it, and both have terminal galactose, fucose and possibly arabinose residues in the side chains. Methylation analysis of the oligosaccharides, formed by degradation with cellulase, and partial hydrolysis of the methylated xyloglucan, followed by re-methylation with CD₃I, have enabled the formulation of a tentative structure which is similar to other plant galactoxyloglucans. It was not possible to establish whether the mannose residues are part of an associated glucomannan or whether they are an integral part of the glucan backbone. The general structural features of the hemicellulosic polymers are discussed in the light of these results.     

The hydrogeology of a catchment area and an artificially divided dystrophic lake — consequences for the limnology of Lake Fuchskuhle

The hydrogeology between the catchment area and the divided dystrophic Lake Fuchskuhle with respect to the genesis and the land-water interactions were investigated. Water levels at numerous locations in the catchment area were measured in order to characterize the hydrology. The water balance of the area was calculated based on long term climatic investigations. The geology of the peat was documented at 25 sampling points by cores collected with a peat drill. Chemical parameters including pH, total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations, DOC concentration, colour (SAK 436 m^–1) and the UV₂₅₄/DOC ratio in the catchment area and in two compartments (NE and SW compartment) were determined. The chemical fluxes of DOC, nitrogen and phosphorus from the catchment area into one compartment (SW compartment) were determined. During the genesis of the Lake Fuchskuhle area two aquifer systems (local peat aquifer, regional sandy main aquifer) developed. Both aquifers are largely independently with almost no lateral interactions. Two compartments are supplied with water from the local peat aquifer. From the other two compartments, however, water is flowing out into the peat body. During high groundwater inflow into the SW compartment higher concentration of DOC, nitrogen and phosphorus in the SW compartment were detected. The fen can be divided in two parts: in the meso — to eutrophic fen northwest and the mainly meso — to oligotrophic — acid fen in the southeast. The significant differences in parameters such as pH, conductivity and DOC concentration gave a clear picture of the heterogeneity of the two compartments and their dependence on the catchment area with the two aquifers.     

Silicon-mediated alleviation of Mn toxicity in Cucumis sativus in relation to activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase

The effects of exogenous silicon (Si) on plant growth, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase, and concentrations of ascorbate and glutathione were investigated in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants treated with excess manganese (Mn) (600 microM). Compared with the treatment of normal Mn (10 microM), excess Mn significantly increased H2O2 concentration and lipid peroxidation indicated by accumulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The leaves showed apparent symptoms of Mn toxicity and the plant growth was significantly inhibited by excess Mn. The addition of Si significantly decreased lipid peroxidation caused by excess Mn, inhibited the appearance of Mn toxicity symptoms, and improved plant growth. This alleviation of Mn toxicity by Si was related to a significant increase in the activities of SOD, APX, DHAR and GR and the concentrations of ascorbate and glutathione.     

Substances isolated from Mandragora species

The present state of knowledge in the chemistry of mandragora plant is reviewed. Isolations and identifications of the compounds were done from all parts of this plant. Up-to-date more than 80 substances were identified in different species of the genus Mandragora.