湘潭晚前寒武纪条带状含锰建造中的化石藻类

本文描述了采自湖南湘潭晚前寒武纪南沱组红旗矿区负100—110m 锰矿层中的蓝藻化石,包括3属3种,其中1新种,还有一个未定种。着重探讨了湘潭条带状含锰建造的生物成因,并讨论了其古环境和古气候等问题。     

The food habits of an herbivorous fish (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.) in Lake Awasa,Ethiopia

The natural food ofOreochromis niloticus in Lake Awasa was studied from the stomach contents of 10 fish measuring 18–32 cm (standard length) monthly from August 1984 to April 1986.Chroococcus, Oscillatoria andBotryococcus were found to be important food items in the diet. Animal foods were observed on rare occasions and these were mainly Rotifera. Blue-green algae as a group contribute about 28.1% of the ash free dry weight (AFDW) whereas diatoms and green algae (excludingBotryococcus) make 2.31% and 2.39% of AFDW, respectively.Botryococcus, detritus and other algae comprised 67.2% of AFDW and it was suspected that more than half of this was contributed byBotryococcus. Blue-green algae, which were especially abundant in the diet during the dry season, November–February, are nutritionally most important. Seasonal variation in algal species composition could influence the quality of food ingested by the fish.     

Algae as production systems of bioactive compounds

Algal extracts are gaining increasing interest due to their unique composition and possibilities of wide industrial applications. Various extraction techniques are used for conversion of algal biomass into extracts. Recently, attention of scientists has been paid to novel methods, such as enzyme‐assisted extraction, microwave‐assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and ultrasound‐assisted extraction, which enable the extraction of biologically active compounds without their degradation. In this review, the properties of biologically active compounds extracted from the biomass of algae reported in the literature are presented in a structured way. Algal extracts contain compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, oil, fats, polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as bioactive compounds such as antioxidants (polyphenols, tocopherols [vitamin E], vitamin C, mycosporine‐like amino acids), and pigments, such as carotenoids (carotene xanthophyll), chlorophylls, and phycobilins (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin), which possess antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, and antitumor properties. Finally, we assemble a list of applications of algal extracts in different developing branches of agriculture (biostimulants, bioregulators, feed additives) and in pharmaceutical industry.     

Nutrient additions generate prolific growth of Lyngbya majuscula (cyanobacteria) in field and bioassay experiments

Nutrients such as bioavailable iron, phosphorus and nitrogen have been hypothesised to stimulate nuisance blooms of the toxic, marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. The current study used two laboratory based biological assay techniques to test whether the addition of iron, phosphorus and nitrogen enhanced L. majuscula growth. A three-way analysis of variance showed all nutrients stimulated L. majuscula filament growth and biomass under laboratory conditions, with organically chelated iron (FeEDTA)  phosphorus > nitrogen. An in situ field experiment was also conducted concurrently on naturally occurring L. majuscula in eastern Moreton Bay (Amity Banks), Australia, to determine any growth response to phosphorus and iron additions. Field results showed substantial and significant increases in biomass occurred with the addition of organically chelated iron and phosphorus (15.9 and 6.4 times the control, respectively)—confirming the laboratory responses to iron and phosphorus. Furthermore, results from the field and laboratory experiments were highly correlated, showing the applicability of results obtained in laboratory experiments to the natural environment. These results show that nutrients, particularly organically chelated iron, phosphorus and nitrogen can promote prolific growth of the bloom forming cyanobacterium L. majuscula. The current study shows that a precautionary approach should be taken to limit or reduce nutrient additions to streams, estuaries and coastal waters, otherwise the magnitude of L. majuscula blooms is likely to increase in Moreton Bay in the future.     

Artificial neural network approaches to one-step weekly prediction of Dinophysis acuminata blooms in Huelva (Western Andalucía, Spain)

On the Atlantic coasts of Andalucía, chronic spring–summer (March–June) diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) outbreaks are associated with blooms of Dinophysis acuminata, Claparède and Lachmann. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been successfully used to model primary production and have recently been tested for the prediction of harmful algae blooms. In this study, we evaluated the performance of feed forward ANN models trained to predict D. acuminata blooms. ANN models were trained and tested using weekly data (5 previous weeks) of D. acuminata cell counts from eight stations of the Andalucía HAB monitoring programme in the coasts of Huelva between 1998 and 2004. Principal component analysis (PCA) were previously carried out to find out possible similarities within time series from each zone with the aim of reducing the number of areas to model. Our results show that ANN models with a low number of input variables are able to reproduce trends in D. acuminata population dynamics.     

Grazing pressure of herbivorous coral reef fishes on low coral-cover reefs

The impact of grazing by herbivorous fishes (Acanthuridae, Scaridae, and Pomacentridae) on low coral-cover reefs was assessed by measuring rates of benthic algal production and consumption on inshore and offshore reefs in the upper Florida Keys. Algal production rates, determined in situ with caged and uncaged experimental plates, were low (mean 1.05 g C m⁻² day⁻¹) and similar among reef types. Algal consumption rates were estimated using two different models, a detailed model incorporating fish bite rates and algal yield-per-bite for one species extrapolated to a guild-wide value, and a general regression relating fish biomass to algal consumption. Algal consumption differed among reef types: a majority of algal production was consumed on offshore reefs (55–100%), whereas consumption on inshore patch reefs was 31–51%. Spatial variation in algal consumption was driven by differences in herbivorous fish species composition, density, and size-structure among reef types. Algal consumption rates also varied temporally due to seasonal declines in bite rates and intermittent presence of large-bodied, vagile, schooling species. Spatial coherence of benthic community structure and temporal stability of algal turf over 3 years suggests that grazing intensity is currently sufficient to limit further spread of macroalgal cover on these low coral-cover reefs, but not to exclude it from the system.     

Comparative analysis of nutrients,chlorophyll and transparency in two large shallow lakes (Lake Taihu,P.R. China and Lake Okeechobee,USA)

This article compares limnological attributes of two of the world’s largest shallow lakes—Lake Okeechobee in Florida, USA and Lake Taihu in P.R. China. Both the systems support an array of ecological and societal values including fish and wildlife habitat, public water supply, flood protection, and recreation. Both have extensive research programs, largely because of concern regarding the lakes’ frequent cyanobacterial blooms. By evaluating these systems together, we compare and contrast properties that can generally advance the understanding and management of large shallow lowland lakes. Because of shallow depth, long fetch, and unconsolidated mud sediments, water chemistry, and transparency in both the lakes are strongly influenced by resuspended sediments that affect light and nutrient conditions. In the central region of both the lakes, where depth is the greatest, evaluation of limiting factors by a trophic state index approach indicates that light most often limits phytoplankton biomass. In contrast, the more sheltered shoreline areas of both the lakes display evidence of nitrogen (N) limitation, which also has been confirmed in nutrient assays conducted in earlier studies. This N limitation most likely is a result of excessive levels of phosphorus (P) that have developed in the lakes due to high external loads over recent decades and the currently high internal P recycling. Comparisons of these lakes show that Lake Taihu has higher N than, similar total phosphorus (TP) and similar light conditions to that of Lake Okeechobee, but less chlorophyll a (CHL). The latter may be as a result of lower winter temperatures in Lake Taihu (around 5°C) compared to Lake Okeechobee (around 15°C), which could reduce phytoplankton growth and abundance through the other seasons of the year. In these systems, the important role of light, temperature, and nutrients in algal bloom dynamics must be considered, especially due to possible adverse and unintended effects that might occur with projects such as sediment removal, and in the long term, in regard to buffering lake responses to external load reduction. Handling editor: D. Hamilton     

Isolation of algal spore lytic C17 fatty acid from the crustose coralline seaweed Lithophyllum yessoense

The algal spore lytic fatty acid of heptadeca-5,8,11-trien (HpDTE: C17:3) was isolated from the crustose coralline seaweed Lithophyllum yessoense. HpDTE, an odd-numbered carbon fatty acid, showed more than 50% lysis at a concentration of 5 μg.mL⁻¹ against the spores of three chlorophyte species, nine rhodophytes, four phaeophytes, and the cells of four phytoplankton species. Lysis activity increased with the number of double bonds and carbon atoms in the fatty acid increased. HpDTE showed a ten-fold stronger activity with a LC₅₀ of 3.1 μg.mL⁻¹ than α-linolenic acid (C18:3).     

锌对2种淡水浮游藻类增殖的影响

选用铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和脆杆藻(Fragilariasp.)为试验材料,在不同锌离子浓度下对2类微藻的增殖影响进行研究分析.藻类增长潜力(AGP)实验结果显示,在Zn2 浓度为0.02~1.00μg/L的液体培养基中,铜绿微囊藻的生长增殖快,Zn2 浓度达到100.00μg/L时,受到明显抑制.Zn2 浓度在0.02μg/L时,脆杆藻的生长繁殖快,Zn2 浓度>0.10μg/L后,则受到不同程度的抑制.