Rényi多样性指数曲线在评价和监测转基因作物对生物多样性影响中的应用

【背景】多样性比较是评价转基因作物对生物群落影响的标准参数之一。以往用于描述多样性的指数很多,但这些指数各有优缺点,生物学解释不全面。运用现代生物多样性表示方法,能够描述更复杂情况下的多样性关系。本文主要介绍了Rényi多样性指数曲线在生物安全研究中的应用。【方法】Rényi多样性指数曲线与以往常用的一维多样性指数不同,当其等级参数为某些特定值时代表了几个著名的多样性指数,该方法可较为确切地评价复杂的生物群落的多样性。本文在介绍其计算公式后,通过比较河北省2种转Bt基因棉田（孟山都33B和中棉30,均未施农药）以及常规管理（施用农药）和综合治理（IPM,施用农药和释放赤眼蜂相结合）条件下非转基因棉田的蜘蛛群落,证明了该方法的适用性。【结果】Rényi多样性指数曲线分析表明了所有可能的互作类型：1个明确的多样性排序以及2类棉田蜘蛛群落间不同的潜在关系。Rényi指数分析表明,在供试棉田中,中棉30棉田的蜘蛛多样性指数最高,其他3种棉田蜘蛛的多样性高低则难以一概而论。蜘蛛稀有种的多样性以孟山都33B棉田最高,IPM和常规棉田次之;蜘蛛常见种的多样性以IPM棉田最高,常规棉田和孟山都33B棉田次之。【结论与意义】Rényi多样性指数可用于生物群落多样性的综合评价,并可用于评价不同管理措施对生物多样性的影响。该方法弥补了仅用单一数量参数评价多样性的传统方法的缺陷,将不同参数整合成一个具有内在关联的概念框架。     

The “Megalithisation” of Iberia: A spatio-temporal model

In the last 20 years, the growing availability of radiometric data has led to profound changes in the archaeological study of cultural and social processes in European Late Prehistory. In this paper, we examine how the combined use of spatial analysis and Bayesian modelling can further contribute to an enhanced interpretation of the temporality of a major social phenomenon: the “megalithisation” process in Iberia. For the first time, it is possible to compare hypotheses regarding the start date, speed and direction of the spread of this major process for the whole of Iberia, and not just for selected regions or single sites.     

Flore mixte au permien supérieur en arabie saoudite

The study of some silicified woods and prints collectedin a Permian locality of the central part of Saudi Arabia leads us to identify the following genus and species: Dadoxylon sp. 1, Dadoxylon sp. 2, Cordaites sp., Annularia mucronataSchenk, Lobatannularia cf. heianensisKodaira, Pecopteris phegopteroidesO. Feistmantel, Pecopteris cf. wongiiHalle, Neuropteridium schyfsmae n. sp., Fascipteris hallei (Kawasaki) Lee & alii, Cladophlebis aff. royleiArber, Taeniopteris sp., (?) Marattiopsis sp. and Zamiopteris sp. This is a flora very similar to the Upper Permian flora from Hazro (Turkey) described in 1962 by R.H. Wagner, which has the particularity to have some cathaysian type elements, the presence of which engages us to consider the eventuality of a relationship between Eurameria and Cathaysia during Permian and the existence of a geographical extension area for cathaysian elements whose orientation was approximately the axe of the actual Mediterranean sea, probably on the south and along the Tethys (?) (the geographical position of the Cathaysia during Permian is indeterminate).     

Contribution à l'étude de la microfaune des récifs messiniens d'Oranie Occidentale (Algérie)

Benthonic Foraminifera and Ostracoda from the reefal Messinian of Western Oranie (Algeria) belong partly to species already known in the mediterranean Tortonian and Pliocene and partly as far as Ostracoda are concerned to new species. These last ones are perhaps in connection with the reef facies they could characterized all around the Mediterranean Sea.     

石器研究中“操作链”的概念、内涵及应用

作为旧石器研究中十分重要的研究概念之一, 本文对"操作链"的发展史、理论内涵、实践方法等方面进行讨论, 认为"操作链"概念是一种动态的、综合的理论视角和研究体系, 强调了石器技术系统的两个行为过程(技术表现与思维运作)和一个互动关系(操作序列)。实践应用和术语对比, 为更好地运用"操作链"研究石器并复原史前技术体系提供了参考。文章还提出了"操作链"概念本身存在的问题, 希望能在今后的工作中得到完善。     

Biostratigraphie des brachiopodes et âge carixien (Pliensbachien inférieur) des calcaires à grands bivalves en Algérie occidentale

Recent researches on the Lower Jurassic of Western Algeria allow to establish a lithostratigraphic standard correlating the different members and formations developed in the Ouarsenis and Tlemcen Mountains, the Oran High Plains, the Nador and Ksour Mountains. The position of the large bivalve limestones (= Lithiotis limestones) is well established in the different lithologic successions. This facies is widespread in Western Algeria where it is interbedded with brachiopod marker beds, indicating short periods of maximum flooding. The large number of collected brachiopods are distributed into four “faunas” (assemblages) ranging from the Late Sinemurian (= Lotharingian) to the Early Pliensbachian (= Carixian). These faunas have been dated by the age of the species that they have in common with the NW european and western tethyan provinces. These chronological data are confirmed by rare ammonites. All these results evidence the age of the large bivalve facies in Western Algeria. They are contained in the Middle to Late Carixian (Demonense and Dilectum Zones). This datation is in conformity with that known from the Eastern High-Atlas (Bou Dahar). Consequently, the large bivalves cannot be considered as “markers for the unique Domerian” as it has been too often asserted. The palaeontological part of our study shows that the multicostate Zeilleriids (several Tauromenia species from the Late Sinemurian to the Early Carixian) are older than the multicostate Terebratulids (Hesperithyris species from the Middle to Late Carixian).     

广东连州自然分布的3种植物体内及根际环境中稳定性碳和氮同位素的分析

以广东连州自然分布的3种国家重点保护野生植物南方红豆杉〔Taxus chinensis var.mairei(Lemée et Lévl.)Cheng et L.K.Fu〕、半枫荷(Semiliquidambar cathayensis Chang)和金荞麦〔Fagopyrum dibotrys(D.Don)Hara〕为研究对象,分析了根、茎和叶片及根际土壤和岩石的C、N含量和C:N比以及δ13 C和δ15 N值的差异;在此基础上,通过δ13 C和δ15 N值的散点图比较了3种植物生态位的差异.结果表明:在同种植物中,根、茎和叶片的C和N含量及C:N比总体高于根际土壤和岩石,其中,叶片中C和N含量均最高,茎的C:N比最高;而根际土壤和岩石的δ13 C和δ15 N值总体高于根、茎和叶片.在供试的3种植物间,根际土壤和岩石中C和N含量总体上无明显差异,但根、茎和叶片中C和N含量以及根、茎和叶片及根际土壤和岩石的C:N比、δ13 C和δ15 N值均有一定差异;其中,金荞麦根中C含量显著(P<0.05)低于南方红豆杉和半枫荷,其根、茎和叶片中N含量和δ15 N值均极显著(P<0.01)高于后二者,其根、茎和叶片的C:N比和δ13 C值均极显著低于后二者,其根际土壤和岩石的C:N比和δ13 C值总体上也低于后二者;南方红豆杉和半枫荷的叶片中C和N含量以及茎和叶片的δ13 C值、根际土壤和岩石的δ13 C和δ15 N值均存在显著差异,但二者的整体差异相对较小.从散点图上看,金荞麦的生态位远离南方红豆杉和半枫荷,而后二者的生态位有交集.综合分析结果显示:草本植物金荞麦与木本植物南方红豆杉和半枫荷的C和N含量以及δ13 C和δ15 N值的差异不仅与植物自身的生活型有关,而且与各自生境中的光照和土壤因子等相关.另外,供试3种植物的根、茎和叶片的δ13 C值变幅为-31.69‰~-26.46‰,符合C3植物的δ13 C值范畴.     

Brittle stars from the upper Cenomanian of the Preafrican platform: First ophiuroid remains for the Cretaceous of Algeria

While Late Cretaceous ophiuroids are relatively well known in Europe, these faunas have been much less studied in North Africa. With the exception of some Tunisian assemblages preliminary described at the turn of the 21st century, nothing is known about the Cretaceous brittle stars of the southwestern Tethyan margin. The present paper seeks to bring the first data about hitherto unknown ophiuroids recently found in the early upper Cenomanian succession of the eastern side of the Preafrican trough (Menaguir section, Algeria). This “community” of brittle stars comprises at least eight species. Most of them are probably new, but have not been formally named here. These are representatives of the families Hemieuryalidae, Amphiuridae, Ophiodermatidae, Ophiacanthidae, Ophiopezidae and probably also Ophiomyxidae and Ophiobyrsidae. Almost all vertebrae are zygospondylous; no streptospondylous vertebrae indicate the absence of the order Euryalida here. Most of the ophiuroids belong to the orders Amphilepidida and Ophiacanthida. Ophiotitanos serrata, Ophiomyxa? aff. jekerica, Ophiojagtus? sp. and some other taxa resembling ophiuroid assemblages from the Late Cretaceous of central, western and northern Europe. With respect to the late Cenomanian age, the depth of the sea and the taxonomic composition, there are some similarities with ophiuroids of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin. The mid-ramp subtidal facies suggests that brittle stars lived here in a warm, euphotic and probably shallow sea.     

Was the Early Eocene proboscidean Numidotherium koholense semi-aquatic or terrestrial? Evidence from stable isotopes and bone histology

The Early Eocene deposits of El Kohol, Algeria, have yielded numerous remains of Numidotherium koholense, one of the most primitive and oldest known proboscideans in Africa. The Upper Eocene proboscideans of the Fayum locality (Egypt), Barytherium sp. and Moeritherium sp., were recently interpreted as aquatic or semi-aquatic, according to the stable isotopic compositions (δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O) of their tooth enamel. These data led us to reinvestigate the adaptations of N. koholense. Stable isotopic analysis and observations of histological sections of its long bones reveal that it was essentially terrestrial. According to its position within the phylogenetic tree of Eocene proboscideans, the adaptation to semi-aquatic life appears to have evolved independently in different lineages of Middle and Upper Eocene proboscideans during their adaptive radiation in Africa. Moreover, these new results reopen the debate about the hypothesis that Eocene to Recent proboscideans are derived from semi-aquatic ancestors.