植物吸收根的增殖和生长与养分变异的关系——臭椿、翠菊、加拿大一枝黄花分根实验的启示

构件理论认为植物根可以相对独立地吸收养分和对所处环境的养分条件做出响应。根据成本-收益理论, 单个根(构件)的生死、生长发育与其吸收的养分收益和自身建造、维持的消耗有关。基于此, 该文提出两个关于吸收根生死条件的假设: 1)当可利用养分低于低临界值, 根死亡在一段时滞(数天到几周)后发生; 2)当可利用养分高于高临界值并持续一段时间, 新的侧根产生。为了检验这两个假设, 用臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)、翠菊(Callistephus chinensis)、加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)作实验物种, 设计了温室分根实验。每株植物选3个一级根, 分别引入3个不同养分水平的斑块: 0、20、200 μg N·g^-1。每4天将根暴露并拍照, 查数新根数并测量细根总长度和一级侧根长。由于高养分处理斑块内根的快速生长, 实验在开始后8天或12天结束。结果显示: 除臭椿在0养分处理外, 三物种在各养分处理下都有侧根产生, 总根长均有增加; 臭椿、翠菊、加拿大一枝黄花在不同观测时间和养分水平处理间的侧根数目和总根长差异显著, 而一级侧根长除臭椿外变异均较小; 整个过程中没有根死亡。研究结果部分支持两个假设。本研究还为进一步探究根模块构件增殖、生死过程机制提出新的建议, 即除需要更长的实验时间外, 还应该考虑: 1)多种资源各自及联合对根生长、生死过程的影响; 2)资源斑块和整个根系生长背景的资源丰度对比; 3)根构建和根维持的相对C消耗。     

Chemical Composition and Phytotoxic Effects of Essential Oils Obtained from Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Cultivated in Tunisia

Ailanthus altissima Mill. Swingle (Simaroubaceae), also known as tree of heaven, is used in the Chinese traditional medicine as a bitter aromatic drug for the treatment of colds and gastric diseases. In Tunisia, Ailanthus altissima is an exotic tree, which was introduced many years ago and used particularly as a street ornamental tree. Here, the essential oils of different plant parts of this tree, viz., roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and samaras (ripe fruits), were obtained by hydrodistillation. In total, 69 compounds, representing 91.0–97.2% of the whole oil composition, were identified in these oils by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. The root essential oil was clearly distinguishable for its high content in aldehydes (hexadecanal ( 1 ); 22.6%), while those obtained from flowers and leaves were dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (74.8 and 42.1%, resp.), with caryophyllene oxide ( 4 ) as the major component (42.5 and 22.7%, resp.). The samara oil was rich in the apocarotenoid derivative hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( 6 ; 58.0%), and the oil obtained from stems was characterized by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (54.1%), mainly β‐caryophyllene (18.9%). Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses separated the five essential oils into four groups, each characterized by the major oil constituents. Contact tests showed that the germination of lettuce seeds was totally inhibited by all the essential oils except of the samara oil at a dose of 1 mg/ml. The flower oil also showed a significant phytotoxic effect against lettuce germination at 0.04 and 0.4 mg/ml (?55.0±3.5 and ?85.0±0.7%, resp.). Moreover, the root and shoot elongation was even more affected by the oils than germination. The inhibitory effect of the shoot and root elongation varied from ?9.8 to ?100% and from ?38.6 to ?100%, respectively. Total inhibition of the elongation (?100%) at 1 mg/ml was detected for all the oils, with the exception of the samara oil (?74.7 and ?75.1% for roots and shoots, resp.).     

Estimating wind dispersal potential in Ailanthus altissima: The need to consider the three-dimensional structure of samaras

Plant dispersal is a very important ecological phenomenon, as it can enable species to move away from the parent plant. This contributes to shaping communities, determining patterns of distribution, landscape configuration, plant invasions and evolutionary processes. Measuring dispersal distance directly is difficult and thus, diaspore morphology can be used to make estimates. Previous research on the topic often resorts to analysing the diaspore’s morphology as if it was a bi-dimensional structure; when in many cases, diaspores have three-dimensional qualities. In this study, we show how estimates of wind dispersal potential of Ailanthus altissima can be considerably improved using morphological variables that succeed in describing the three-dimensional nature of samaras. We suggest that this reasoning could be extensively applied to research involving not only other species, but also multi-specific scenarios with a wide range of diaspore morphologies.     

椿根皮的化学成分及抑菌活性研究

为探寻椿根皮抑菌的物质基础，该研究采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20等方法对椿根皮甲醇提取物进行分离和纯化，通过理化性质和波谱数据分析单体化合物的结构，并以卡那霉素为对照组采用流式细胞法测试化合物的抑菌活性。结果表明：从椿根皮中得到22个化合物，分别鉴定为pleuchiol (1)、withastramonolide (2)、7-ketositosterol (3)、白桦酯醇(4)、桦木酸甲酯(5)、1, 2, 4-trimethoxybenzene (6)、顺丁烯二酸二甲酯(7)、sonderianol (8)、dibutyl phthalate (9)、pinoresinol (10)、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯(11)、avenalumic acid methyl ester (12)、5,3′-dihydroxy-3,7,4′-trimethoxy-flavone (13)、spathulenol (14)、2-甲基-5-丙基酮-7-羟基色原酮(15)、 7,4′-dihydroxyflavone (16)、annphenone (17)、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸(18)、5,3′...