Don C. Ohadike: The Man, his Intellectual Legacy and African Historiography

It is difficult to completely understand the life history of an intellectual excluding an understanding of his family upbringing and formative years. Family upbringing and childhood environment, often the less known part of a life history, play crucial roles in shaping the ideas and values individuals espouse in their adult life. Notwithstanding, this paper is not concerned with Don C. Ohadike’s childhood. It rather focuses on the professional career of our able historian – that is the part of his life as revealed by his most outstanding published writings. Ohadike’s published works contain a wellspring of idioms that tell much about his values, quality of mind, and his mission as an African historian. Ohadike was a humanist, an African patriot, and a nationalist crusader. His entire philosophy centered on safeguarding his African identity in an emergent world of cultural imperialism. The funds for this research were provided by a NEH-funded fellowship at the Schomburg Center, New York in the Spring of 2007. I owe a lot of gratitude to Professor John McLeod and Dean Blaine Hudson for granting me the extra incentives to pursue my research in New York. While all errors and misinterpretations are mine, I wish to thank the editors and anonymous reviewers for Journal of Dialectical Anthropology for their perspective comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this paper.     

The biological roots of morality

The question whether ethical behavior is biologically determined may refer either to thecapacity for ethics (e.i., the proclivity to judge human actions as either right or wrong), or to the moralnorms accepted by human beings for guiding their actions. My theses are: (1) that the capacity for ethics is a necessary attribute of human nature; and (2) that moral norms are products of cultural evolution, not of biological evolution.Humans exhibits ethical behavior by nature because their biological makeup determines the presence of the three necessary, and jointly sufficient, conditions for ethical behavior: (i) the ability to anticipate the consequences of one's own actions; (ii) the ability to make value judgements; and (iii) the ability to choose between alternative courses of action. Ethical behavior came about in evolution not because it is adaptive in itself, but as a necessary consequece of man's eminent intellectual abilities, which are an attribute directly promoted by natural selection.Since Darwin's time there have been evolutionists proposing that the norms of morality are derived from biological evolution. Sociobiologists represent the most recent and most subtle version of that proposal. The sociobiologists' argument is that human ethical norms are sociocultural correlates of behaviors fostered by biological evolution. I argue that such proposals are misguided and do not escape the naturalistic fallacy. The isomorphism between the behaviors promoted by natural selection and those sanctioned by moral norms exist only with respect to the consequences of the behaviors; the underlying causations are completely disparate.This article is based on a paper presented at the International Symposium onBiological Models of Human Action, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, 16–18 December 1985.     

Evidence for African origins of founders of the asiatic lion species survival plan

The Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) exists in the wild as a single relict population of approximately 250 individuals in the protected Gir Forest Sanctuary in western India. In 1981, a species survival plan (SSP) for the Asiatic lion was established by the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums to manage the 200 + descendants of Asiatic lions in captivity in western zoological facilities. This captive population was derived from seven founders. In order to compare the genetic structure of the Gir Forest population with that of the captive SSP population, a genetic survey of 46 electrophoretic allozyme systems resolved from extracts of lion blood was undertaken by using 29 SSP Asiatic lions and 28 wild-caught or captive-bred lions maintained at the Sakkarbaug Zoo in India but originally derived from the Gir Forest. The Gir lion population was found to be genetically monomorphic at each of 46 allozyme loci. This was in contrast to several African lion (Panthera leo leo) populations, which show moderate levels of allozyme variation at the same loci. The SSP lion population was polymorphic at three allozyme loci (IDHI, TF, and PTI) for alleles that were previously found only in African lion populations. Pedigree analysis of the genetic transmission of these three biochemical loci demonstrated that two of the five primary founder animals of the SSP Asiatic lion population (a breeding pair originally imported from the Trivandrum Zoo in southern India) were descendants of the African subspecies. Three other founder animals were pure Asian. A retrospective SSP pedigree analysis of two morphologic characters (prominent abdominal fold and pairing of infraorbital foramen) that are partially diagnostic for persica vs leo was consistent with this conclusion as well. The implications for the management of small captive populations of threatened species and of the Asiatic lion SSP population are discussed.     

Atrophy of compartments of rat lymph nodes related to an entry of lethally altered lymphocytes

Summary This paper reports the occurrence of an accumulation of lethally altered lymphocytes in the subcapsular sinus of a compartment or compartments of some lymph nodes, an unusual feature best developed in nodes of the mesenteric site in aging athymic animals. Many of these cells are rod-like. In other compartments, similar lymphocytes occurred at various depths in the nodal parenchyma. This was accompanied by the disappearance of a compartment's populations of normal lymphoid cells. The observations reveal that lymphocytes, altered in a tissue, may reach the subcapsular sinus of the draining node compartment and migrate into its parenchyma which then undergoes atrophy. The likely involvement of mast cells is discussed.This work was funded by the Medical Research Council of Canada.     

A review and update of animal toxicoses associated with fumonisin-contaminated feeds and production of fumonisins by Fusarium isolates

During the 1989 corn harvest season, numerous reports of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) outbreaks and a pulmonary edema (PPE) syndrome in swine from several regions of the United States were received by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), Ames, Iowa. Previous and concurrent research linked Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisin-contaminated feeds to both diseases. Chemical and mycological investigations revealed fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) concentrations of 20 to 360 ppm in suspect swine feeds and 8 to 117 ppm in suspect equine feeds. Nonproblem feeds contained concentrations below 8 ppm. Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum were isolated from both problem and nonproblem equine and swine feeds. When cultured on autoclaved corn, the F. moniliforme and F. proliferatum isolates produced respective FB₁ and fumonisin B₂ (FB₂) that range from less than 5 to more than 2450 ppm and less than 5 to more than 1000 ppm, respectively. Isolates from both problem and nonproblem feeds produced high levels (greater than 500 ppm) in culture. Reported here is a review of chemical and mycological data resulting from the study of several cases of PPE and ELEM.     

欺骗,契约,合作的ESS

动物竞争中的欺骗、契约、合作现象是极为常见的。本文就论述与此有关的ESS。一、欺骗某些动物竞争时信号a后跟随发生行为A,如一个体不出现A则为欺骗。欺骗是相对真实     

Phorbol ester receptors in cerebral cortex of cats with GM1 gangliosidosis

The pathogenesis of neuronal dysfunction in the gangliosidoses is poorly understood. Studies of the feline gangliosidoses and in vitro experiments implicate ganglioside inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) in the pathogenesis of these neurological diseases. Therefore, in the present study, the binding of [³H]phorbol-12, 13 dibutyrate was measured to determine the levels of PKC in cerebral cortex of cats with GM₁ gangliosidosis (mutant) and age matched normal siblings. This binding of ([³H]PDB) to cerebral cortex homogenates in both normal and mutant cats was highly specific. The specificity of receptors was ascertained also from displacement studies using nonradioactive phorbol ester analogues to displace [³H]PDB bound to its receptors. In both mutant and normal cat brain, phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDB), 4--phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (-PDA) and 4--phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate (-PDBz) were highly potent (approximately to same degree) and effective in displacing [³H]PDB. On the other hand, 4- phorbol 12,13-diacetate (-PDA) was a weak displacer and 4--phorbol did not displace the bound [³H]PDB in either normal or mutant brain. Scatchard analysis of the binding data indicated a homogenous single class of binding sites in normal and mutant brain (Normal: K_d=1.42×10^–7 M, B_max=8.40 pmoles/mg protein. Mutant: K_d=1.60×10^–7 M, B_max=10.00 pmoles/mg protein). Sphingosine inhibited the binding to approximately the same extent in normal and mutant cortex. These studies demonstrate the presence of highly specific, homogenous, single type phorbol ester receptors in cerebral cortex of cats with GM₁ gangliosidosis which are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to normal cat brain.     

Experiments with trap crops against African bollowrm, Heliothis armigera, in Ethiopia

In a 1 ha haricot bean (HB) (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) field strip-cropped with 2 rows of maize (MZ) (Zea mays L.) on either side and then at 25 m intervals, the number of African bollworm (ABW) (Heliothis armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)) eggs + larvae on MZ was higher than that on HB by a factor of nearly 18. In a replicated experiment where five trap crops were compared with HB, as a check, all of them contained significantly greater numbers of ABW eggs + larvae than the check. Among the crops tested, lupin (LP) (Lupinus termis Forsk.) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) followed by hyacinth bean (Dolichos lalab L.) contained the highest ABW egg + larval population while sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) contained the lowest; MZ was intermediate. On the other hand, HB plots bordered with MZ suffered significantly lower percent pod damage by ABW than did the check. Although grain yield differences among treatments were not significant, MZ-bordered plots gave nearly 22% higher yield than the check during the heavy ABW infestation in 1982. These differences were less obvious during the 1983 season because of low ABW infestation. In hot pepper (Capsicum spp.) strip-cropped with lupin, egg + larval counts on the latter were greater by a factor of nearly four in 1981 and 18 in 1982. It is concluded that trap-cropping has a great potential in the integrated management of ABW.

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Résumé En 1981, dans un champ de haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris), des cultures pièges de maïs (Zea mays) ont été semées en rangs doubles tous les 25 m et de chaque côté du champ, soit un total de 5 rangs doubles. Le nombre d'H. armigera (oeufs + chenilles) a été près de 18 fois plus élevé sur maïs que sur haricot.En 1982 et 1983, l'attractivité de 5 cultures pièges: Dolichos lablab, Lupinus termis, Z. mays, Cajanus cajan et Helianthus annuus, a été comparée à celle du haricot. Toutes ces plantes portaient un nombre d'oeufs et de chenilles supérieur au témoin (P. vulgaris). L'ordre décroissant des contaminations était: L. termis, C. cajan, D. lablab, Z. mays et H. annuus. Les rangs de P. vulgaris bordés par des rangs de Z. mays étaient moins contaminés que les témoins. Bien que les différences de rendements en graines suivant les expériences n'aient pas été significatives, les parcelles bordées de maïs ont fourni une récolte supérieure de 22%, pendant l'année 1982, où la contamination par H. armigera a été forte. En 1983, où l'infestation a été faible, les différences étaient moins claires.En 1981 et 1982, 5 rangs de L. tremis à 25 m d'intervalle ont été utilisés comme pièges pour protéger le piment fort (Capsicum spp.). Les décomptes d'oeufs et de chenilles ont été respectivement près de 4 et 18 fois plus élevés.La conclusion est que les cultures pièges ont un grand avenir dans la lutte intégrée contre H. armigera.

     

Anti-predatory autecology in the geometrid larvae of Larentia clavaria pallidata

It was suggested by Heinrich that cryptic, palatable caterpillars would adopt foliar foraging techniques which would reduce the chance of their being detected. I wished to test this hypothesis further and to determine the post-discovery tactics. I found that caterpillars of Larentia clavaria pallidat, contrary to expectations, usually rested on upper surfaces of young Althaea setosa leaves but moved to the undersides when exposed to higher light intensities. This species may be effectively concealed by older canopy leaves. These larvae usually responded to predator-like stimuli by assuming a deimatic s form but rarely dropped. Dropping may be infrequent partly because younger caterpillars could not easily relocate the foot plant. I discuss, briefly the implications of host-plant selection.     

The seasonality of phytoplankton in African lakes

Although some study of the subject began in 1899, wide-ranging information from African water-bodies has only become available since 1950. Important developments included the establishment of long-term centres of research, the adoption of improved methods for quantitative algal sampling, the more intensive study of environmental conditions, the beginnings of experimental testing, and the improvement of taxonomic knowledge.At higher latitudes (> 20 °) examples of pronounced algal seasonality are long-established; they are accompanied and influenced by marked changes in radiant energy income and so water temperature, and often by effects of seasonal water input. Illustrations are given from lakes in Morocco and South Africa.More generally in Africa, including the tropical belt, annual patterns of phytoplankton seasonality are usually either dominated by hydrological features (water input-output) or by hydrographic ones (water-column structure and circulation). Examples of both types are discussed, together with instances (e.g. L. Volta) of combined hydrological and hydrographic regulation. In both the seasonal abundance of diatoms is often distinct and complementary to that of blue-green algae, with differing relationships to vertical mixing and water retention.Horizontal variability in the seasonal cycle is especially pronounced in the larger or morphometrically subdivided lakes. Some inshore-offshore differentiation is also known to affect phytoplankton quantity (e.g. L. George) and species composition (e.g. L. Victoria). Longitudinal differentiation is common in elongate basins especially when with a massive or seasonal inflow at one end (e.g. L. Turkana, L. Nubia, L. Volta); occasional terminal upwelling can also be influential (e.g. southern L. Tanganyika). Such examples grade into the longitudinally differentiated seasonality of flowing river-reservoir systems, as studied on the Blue and White Niles.The annual amplitude of population density, expressed in orders of magnitude (=log₁₀ units), is one measure of seasonal variability. It can exceed 3 orders both in systems subject to hydrological wash-out (e.g. Nile reservoirs) and in the more variable species components of lakes of long retention (e.g. L. Victoria). Low amplitudes can be characteristic of some components (e.g. green algae in L. Victoria) or of total algal biomass (e.g. L. George, L. Sibaya).Seasonal changes may be subordinated to inter-annual ones, especially in shallow and hydrologically unstable lakes (e.g. L. Nakuru).