山葵杀菌作用的研究

报道了山葵提取物对细菌的致死作用 ,特别是山葵对病原菌有明显的杀灭作用。在山葵提取物浓度为 0.5 %～ 0.8%,作用时间为 90～ 1 2 0min的条件下 ,对几种病原菌的杀菌率为 80 %～ 97%。这对杀灭有害病原菌找到了一条新途径 ,对防止病原菌的传播搞好环境卫生、保证人类健康有积极意义。     

Prolactin, Oxytocin, and the development of paternal behavior across the first six months of fatherhood

Animal studies have implicated the neuropeptides Prolactin (PRL) and Oxytocin (OT) in processes of maternal bonding and PRL has similarly been shown to play a role in the neurophysiology of fatherhood. Yet, very little is known on the involvement of PRL and OT in human fathering. Forty-three fathers and their firstborn infant were seen twice: in the second and sixth postpartum months. Paternal plasma PRL and OT were sampled at both time-points and analyzed with ELISA methods. At six months fathers were videotaped interacting with their child in social and exploratory play contexts and interactions were micro-analyzed for father-infant Affect Synchrony and father facilitation of child toy exploration. PRL and OT showed high individual stability across time and were correlated at the second observation. PRL was related to father-infant Coordinated Exploratory Play in the toy context whereas OT was associated with father-infant Affect Synchrony in the social context. Results point to the role of PRL and OT in the development of human fathering and underscore their differential relations with patterns of paternal care.     

Central nervous system and peripheral effects of ACTH, MSH, and related neuropeptides

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH), and related peptides have been shown to have several neurogenic effects: alteration of cerebral protein synthesis, RNA synthesis, protein phosphorylation, and neurotransmitter turnover. Furthermore, there appears to be an ACTH containing circuit in the CNS which originates in the arcuate nucleus. Changes in concentration of the peptides in this family have been shown to alter electrophysiology, neuromuscular function, and behavior (e.g., grooming, learning) in infrahuman subjects. These findings suggest that the neuropeptides MSH and ACTH influence the capacity of an organism to efficiently evaluate information and influence the affective functioning of humans.     

Evidence for a perception of prosodic cues in bat communication: contact call classification by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Megaderma lyra</Emphasis>

The perception of prosodic cues in human speech may be rooted in mechanisms common to mammals. The present study explores to what extent bats use rhythm and frequency, typically carrying prosodic information in human speech, for the classification of communication call series. Using a two-alternative, forced choice procedure, we trained Megaderma lyra to discriminate between synthetic contact call series differing in frequency, rhythm on level of calls and rhythm on level of call series, and measured the classification performance for stimuli differing in only one, or two, of the above parameters. A comparison with predictions from models based on one, combinations of two, or all, parameters revealed that the bats based their decision predominantly on frequency and in addition on rhythm on the level of call series, whereas rhythm on level of calls was not taken into account in this paradigm. Moreover, frequency and rhythm on the level of call series were evaluated independently. Our results show that parameters corresponding to prosodic cues in human languages are perceived and evaluated by bats. Thus, these necessary prerequisites for a communication via prosodic structures in mammals have evolved far before human speech.