重金属镉对红树植物白骨壤和桐花树幼苗生理特性的影响

通过砂泥栽培实验研究了红树植物桐花树和白骨壤幼苗在含Cd 0.6～30 mmol·L~(-1)系列海水培养液中某些生理特性的变化。当培养液中Cd浓度为0.6 mmol·L~(-1)时桐花树和白骨壤幼苗生长正常,叶绿素含量和光合速率变化不大。当高于12 mmol·L~(-1)时,除桐花树和白骨壤幼苗除POD酶活性越来越高之外,叶绿素含量、光合速率、SOD、CAT酶活性均不断减弱,而且浓度愈高,这些指标下降愈大。结果表明Cd对红树植物桐花树和白骨壤幼苗具有毒害作用,Cd浓度愈高对其毒害愈严重,两种红树植物比较,桐花树抗重金属镉毒害的能力大于白骨壤。     

Restoration of Aegiceras corniculatum mangroves in Jiulongjiang Estuary changed macro-benthic faunal community

Macro-benthic faunal communities were compared between non-vegetation mudflat and Aegiceras corniculatum mangroves with different ages in Jiulongjiang Estuary, China. Faunal species number was highest in the mature mangrove and was higher in mangroves than in the mudflat, as snails and some crustaceans species were only collected in mangroves. The 5-year-old mangrove had the highest infaunal abundance and crustacean biomass. Snails had more abundance in the young mangroves. Uca arcuata was the dominant crab species in the non-vegetation mudflat and 5-year-old mangrove. Mangrove vegetation and sediment characteristics analyses indicated different habitats due to A. corniculatum mangrove restoration. However, overall poor correlations between faunal assemblage and sediment properties indicated that sediment properties were not the major factors influencing faunal distribution.     

广西红树植物桐花树种群遗传多样性分析

采用RAPD-PCR方法探讨广西3个不同生境下桐花树种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化。结果表明:3个不同生境桐花树RAPD扩增多态百分率为20.2%,3个不同生境桐花树种群两两之间的遗传距离分别为0.195、0.169、0.26,平均遗传距离为0.208。同一种群不同个体的扩增多态百分率最高为37.28%,其次为20.93%,最小的为19.32%。Shannon’s遗传多样性指数3个种群分别为0.331、0.225和0.17,其大小顺序与多态百分率的结果一致。种群内遗传多样性比率为62.3%,种群间遗传多样性比率为37.7%。说明广西3个不同生境的桐花树种群的遗传变异大部分存在种群内,种群间遗传变异较小。     

Application of stable isotopes to examine N proportions within a simulated Aegiceras corniculatum wetland

Salinity levels and drought status of coastal wetlands may be strongly affected by climate change, and changes in the nitrogen cycle of mangrove wetlands may also be affected. We established combinations of three salinity and water levels with applied stable isotope ¹⁵N to study the δ¹⁵N distributions in the sediment and plants of a greenhouse-based simulated mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum wetland system. The stable isotope ¹³C and ¹⁵N, C and N contents and the C:N ratio were determined. Results showed that increasing in salinity significantly increased the δ¹³C value in plant organs. The δ¹⁵N value of plant organs increased with increasing water level in low salinity (10‰) and medium salinity (20‰) treatment groups but not in the high salinity (30‰) treatment group. This may attributed to A. corniculatum adjusting the δ¹⁵N distribution in different organs in response to high salinity stress. Compared to the δ¹³C, the δ¹⁵N values of plant were strongly affected by salinity and water level treatments, indicating that the behavior of N cycle was somewhat different than the C cycle, and affected by the combined effects of both salinity and water level. Most of ¹⁵N absorbed by plant tissues were in leaves except for the highest salinity and high water level treatment, showing at increasing water level, the proportion of ¹⁵N increased in root. Overall, the measured indicators exhibited different responses to salinity level and water level, suggesting that the changes in salinity and water levels have an impact on N cycling processes of wetland systems.     

Polyketides from Penicillium sp. JP-1, an endophytic fungus associated with the mangrove plant Aegiceras corniculatum

Four polyketides, leptosphaerone C (1), penicillenone (2), arugosin I (3) and 9-demethyl FR-901235 (4), as well as five known compounds, bacillosporin A (5), bacillosporin C (6), sequoiamonascin D (7), sequoiatone A (8), and sequoiatone B (9) were isolated from the Penicillium sp. JP-1, an endophytic fungus isolated from Aegiceras corniculatum. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, mainly by 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 showed cytotoxicity against A-549 cells with an IC50 value of 1.45 microM, while compound 2 showed cytotoxicity against P388 cells with an IC50 value of 1.38 microM.     

Genetic diversity of Aegiceras corniculatum (Myrsinaceae) revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)

Aegiceras corniculatum is a cryptoviviparous mangrove tree distributed in the Indo-West Pacific. The genetic structure of 13 populations of A. corniculatum from South China, Malay Peninsula, Sri Lanka, and North Australia, was assessed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Our results showed a relatively high level of genetic variation at the species level (P = 92%, H_E = 0.294 and H_s = 0.331 ± 0.001). The value of G_ST was 0.698, suggesting significant genetic differentiation among populations. At the population level, however, genetic diversity was low (P = 24%, H_E = 0.086 and H_s = 0.127 ± 0.001). When populations were grouped according to geographic regions, i.e., South China, Malay Peninsula and Sri Lanka, it was inferred from analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) that about half the total variation (49%) was accounted for differentiation between regions. A UPGMA dendrogram based on genetic distance also revealed five major clades corresponding to geographical regions within the distribution of A. corniculatum, although the precise relationships among the clades were not fully concordant with expected geographical delineations and need further study.     

Wood structure of Aegiceras corniculatum and its ecological adaptations to salinities

We describe the wood structure of Aegiceras corniculatum and its differences under various soil salinities. This species had diffuse-porous wood with poorly defined growth rings. Vessels which had single perforations occurred abundantly and in multiples and were storeyed. Intervascular pits between contiguous vessels were alternate bordered ones while half-bordered pit-pairs existed between both vessel-ray and vessel-parenchyma. Homogenous xylem rays were multiseriate and uniseriate. Fiber-tracheids with bordered pits often had thinner walls. Xylem parenchyma cells were scant and distributed diffusely and paratracheally. Differences in the structural and quantitative characters of vessels, xylem rays and fiber-tracheids under diverse soil salinities are described. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

红树林群落优势种群自疏过程的生长动态

在深圳福田红树林保护区设置永久样地,经1994、1996、1998和2002年4次调查表明:群落中个体的断枝、死亡现象很明显,样地总面积200 m2中出现的总个体数分别为417、341、196和132个,种群平均密度依次为2.08、1.70、0.98和0.66个/m2;间隔期的死亡率依次为18.2%、42.5%和32.6%.种群个体存在明显的增粗生长,在每2年间隔期,优势种群桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum(L.)Blanco)、秋茄(Kandelia candel(L.)Druce)和白骨壤(Avicennia marina(Forsk.)Vierh.)的胸径增加最大值分别达3.63 cm、2.45 cm、4.52 cm,且以白骨壤加粗较大.增高生长也很明显,第二次调查时341个个体中,233个出现增高生长,第三次调查时,196个个体中127个出现增高生长;2年间隔期,以桐花树增高生长最普遍,达1.5 m,秋茄增高生长最大的达1.9 m,白骨壤达1.8 m.生物量亦呈明显的相关变化,在逐次间隔调查中,地上部分总生物量依次降低,或稍增加后再次降低,但存活种群个体的平均生物量大多依次增加,4次调查期间单位面积的总生物量分别为7.57 kg/m2、8.36 kg/m2、5.15 kg/m2和7.71 kg/m2,与谭凤仪等(1995b)早期通过标准木等方式的计算结果相似.研究结果证实红树林群落的自疏过程是一种重要的演变过程,以植株、分枝干枯频繁发生为特征;演替过程中,新苗出现很少,而高度(长度)生长、增粗生长、干枯发生等与群落中种群的组成、结构、密度状况等直接相关.     

红树植物人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果

研究了潜流型海桑（Sonneratia caseolaris）人工湿地、桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）人工湿地和木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果。一年来,3种红树植物人工湿地对BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN、NH4^＋-N和NO2^--N的平均去除率分别达到83%、71%、41%、55%、50%和84%以上。人工湿地各处理周期之间,BOD5和CODCr去除率波动较小,而TP、TN、NH4^＋-N和NO2^--N去除率波动较大。3种红树植物人工湿地对各种污染物的净化效果存在一定的差异。海桑人工湿地和桐花树人工湿地对BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率明显高于木榄人工湿地,而海桑人工湿地和桐花树人工湿地相比较,除TP外,BOD5、CODCr、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率没有显著差异。人工湿地单一处理周期内,去除率随水力停留时间（HRT）的延长而增加。BOD5、CODCr、TN和NH4^＋-N在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别为HRT为3d去除率的54%-65%和73%-84%,NO2^--N在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别达到了HRT为3d的70%-81%和85%-94%,而TP在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别只有HRT为3d的39%-50%和65%-74%。另外,红树植物人工湿地与风车草（Cyperus alternifoliu）人工湿地相比,前者的BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率明显小于后者（P〈0.05）。总体上看,3种红树植物人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果呈现海桑人工湿地≈桐花树人工湿地〉木榄人工湿地。     

两种红树植物白骨壤(Avicennia marina )和桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)的耐淹性

以两种红树植物白骨壤（Avicennia marina（Forsk.）Vierh.）和桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum （L.） Blanco）幼苗为材料,在梯度海面高程的野外人工平台上开展了为期1a的淹水胁迫实验。3座平台作为重复,每座设置8个梯度,相邻梯度间高度相差10cm,幼苗立地基质平面的海面高程320~390cm。实验1a后测定1a幼苗的生长状况及与一些生理指标。结果表明：小高程生境对两种幼苗茎的纵向生长均有显著促进作用,但白骨壤幼苗茎生长高度是桐花树的7.5倍。与白骨壤相比,桐花树幼苗有较高的叶片保存率。白骨壤幼苗生物量在各器官分配为：茎〉根〉叶,3个器官平均所占比例分别为56.7%,25.7%和17.6%;桐花树则为：叶〉根〉茎,3个器官平均所占比例分别为49.6%,33.0%和17.4%。小高程生境对白骨壤幼苗全株生物量有较强的促进效果,桐花树幼苗则在中等高程生境中有较大生物量。在任一高程组,桐花树幼苗叶片叶绿素含量均大于白骨壤幼苗,但两种幼苗叶绿素a/b比值差异不显著。无论在叶片还是根系中,桐花树幼苗的活性氧清除酶类活性均高于白骨壤幼苗,表明在相同高程生境中桐花树幼苗比白骨壤幼苗面临更大的困难。综合实验结果和野外观察,可看出白骨壤耐淹水能力高于桐花树;仅从植物本身的生理特性考虑,可确定北部湾沿海白骨壤造林滩面高程不宜低于平均海面30cm,桐花树不应低于当地平均海面。