中国省域生态文明建设进程区域差异化

中国生态文明理论体系和示范实践为我国各地全面推进生态文明建设奠定了基础,区域差异化研究希望通过探究不同区域生态文明建设特征、潜力以及与经济发展的联系,为我国各地区全面推进生态文明实践提供的支持。构建“社会、经济、政治、文化和生态”生态文明指数五维度评价指标体系,运用2005、2010、2015和2019年我国面板数据,刻画31个省份(统计数据尚未包含我国港澳台)生态文明建设的前期、初期、快速发展期和当前各时段时空变化,提出区域的发展速度和发展加速度概念描述各省份建设能力差异,基于各省份生态文明五维度预期目标和历史发展速度探究各省份的发展潜势差异,并初步探究各省份生态文明差异与经济发展的关系。研究结果表明：(1)总体上,各省份的生态文明指数反映出生态文明建设效果显著;时间序列变化上,各省份生态文明建设整体水平和过程存在较大差异性,尽管增长速度都呈现出先快后慢的特点,各省份生态文明水平差距仍然持续拉大;在空间上,明显呈现出东部地区好于西部地区、南部地区好于北部地区的特征,通过分析31个省份所属的六个地区的生态文明等级,发现华东地区和中南地区生态文明等级领先于其他地区,且在各阶段进步最大,而...     

间伐强度对坝上樟子松林下持水能力的影响

河北坝上地区地势复杂、气候条件较差,导致了水土流失和地质灾害的发生,使华北地区生态安全受到严重威胁.为了改善当地生态环境,樟子松、落叶松等耐贫瘠速生树种被大面积种植,然而不合理的植被密度会导致降雨的低效率利用.本研究以5种间伐强度(0、20％、40％、60％、80％)的樟子松林为对象,分析间伐强度对林下草本、枯落物、土...     

A rapid method for determining dynamic binding capacity of resins for the purification of proteins

Biolayer interferometry is a novel method for quantifying macromolecules, such as proteins, in solution. The presence of other, non-binding molecules does not interfere with quantification, which allows one to measure the concentration of the molecule of interest in a crude mixture. Here we apply this method to determining the dynamic binding capacity of affinity resins.     

大气二氧化碳浓度变化对禾谷缢管蚜种群动态的影响

利用开顶式熏气室研究了大气CO₂浓度和土壤水分对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)种群动态的影响,并分析了禾谷缢管蚜密度与被处理小麦叶片化学成分的关系。结果表明：（1）禾谷缢管蚜种群密度随CO₂浓度升高而持续增大并与土壤水分密切相关,各CO₂浓度下均以60%田间持水量时的密度最大;（2）CO₂和土壤水分对小麦叶片化学成分有明显的影响,麦叶水分、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉含量随CO₂浓度和土壤水分含量上升而增加,纤维素含量随CO₂浓度上升而增加、随土壤水分含量上升而降低,单宁、丁布（DIMBOA）含量在CO₂浓度为550 μl/L时最高,但单宁含量随土壤水分上升而增加,丁布含量在60%田间持水量时最低;（3）禾谷缢管蚜密度与叶片水分、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉含量呈正相关,与丁布、单宁含量呈负相关。结论：在未来的气候条件下,随着CO₂浓度升高禾谷缢管蚜种群可能会持续增长,这种增长在半干旱区更加突出。禾谷缢管蚜种群增长的原因之一是大气CO₂和土壤水分条件改变了植物的化学成分构成。     

Temporal/spatial structure and the dynamical property of laboratory host-parasitoid systems

The effects of spatial structure in terms of local capacity, or the maximum number of larvae surviving competition at resource patches, and temporal structure in terms of the period vulnerable to parasitoid attack in host populations on the persistence of host-parasitoid systems were quantitatively evaluated by laboratory experiments and well-parameterized model analyses. One of two bruchid beetles,Callosobruchus maculatus andC. phaseoli, were used as a host with Heterospilus prosopidis used as the parasitoid.C. maculatus, in which few larvae survive competition to become adults in each bean, andC. phaseoli, in which many larvae become adults in each bean, along with two kinds of beans, the mung and the azuki, were combined to construct four (2×2) resource-herbivorous host-parasitoid systems that differed in local capacity and vulnerable period. The mung-C. maculatus system with the parasitoid was the most persistent, i.e., took the longest time for extinction of either the host or parasitoid to occur. Since this resource-herbivorous host combination exhibited the lowest local capacity and the shortest vulnerable period, these two conditions possibly promoted the persistence of the system. A model incorporating the host population structure supported the observed persistence. Furthermore, the possible contribution of the timing of density-dependent competition of the host on the host-parasitoid persistence is predicted.     

Congo red adsorption from aqueous solutions by using chitosan hydrogel beads impregnated with nonionic or anionic surfactant

The adsorption performance of CS beads impregnated with triton X-100 (TX-100) as a nonionic surfactant and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an anionic surfactant was investigated for the removal of anionic dye (congo red) from aqueous solution. While the adsorption capacity of CS/TX-100 beads was enhanced at all concentrations of TX-100 (0.005–0.1%), the increase in the concentration of SDS above 0.01% in the CS/SDS beads gradually reduced the adsorption capacity of the beads. Equilibrium adsorption isotherm data indicated a good fit to the Sips isotherm model and a heterogeneous adsorption process. The Sips maximum adsorption capacity in dry weight of the CS/TX-100 beads was 378.79 mg/g and 318.47 mg/g for the CS/SDS beads, higher than the 223.25 mg/g of the CS beads. Modification of CS beads by impregnation with nonionic surfactant, or even anionic surfactant, at low concentrations is a possible way to enhance adsorption of anionic dye.     

Adaptation to climate change: contrasting patterns of thermal-reaction-norm evolution in Pacific versus Atlantic silversides

How organisms may adapt to rising global temperatures is uncertain, but concepts can emerge from studying adaptive physiological trait variations across existing spatial climate gradients. Many ectotherms, particularly fish, have evolved increasing genetic growth capacities with latitude (i.e. countergradient variation (CnGV) in growth), which are thought to be an adaptation primarily to strong gradients in seasonality. In contrast, evolutionary responses to gradients in mean temperature are often assumed to involve an alternative mode, 'thermal adaptation'. We measured thermal growth reaction norms in Pacific silverside populations (Atherinops affinis) occurring across a weak latitudinal temperature gradient with invariant seasonality along the North American Pacific coast. Instead of thermal adaptation, we found novel evidence for CnGV in growth, suggesting that CnGV is a ubiquitous mode of reaction-norm evolution in ectotherms even in response to weak spatial and, by inference, temporal climate gradients. A novel, large-scale comparison between ecologically equivalent Pacific versus Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) revealed how closely growth CnGV patterns reflect their respective climate gradients. While steep growth reaction norms and increasing growth plasticity with latitude in M. menidia mimicked the strong, highly seasonal Atlantic coastal gradient, shallow reaction norms and much smaller, latitude-independent growth plasticity in A. affinis resembled the weak Pacific latitudinal temperature gradient.     

Analysis of over-consumption of natural resources and the ecological trade deficit in China based on ecological footprints

China has experienced unprecedented economic development in recent years and is now facing severe challenges caused by the over-consumption of resources and by ecological and environmental degradation. To assess the influence of resource exploitation and ecological trade, we have developed an index of excessive resource consumption based on the concepts of ecological deficit and ecological over-shoot, and we have used the ecological trade deficit to assess the pressure created by the export and import of resources and products. Our analysis indicated that China's consumption footprint surpassed its biocapacity in 1983, leading to an ecological deficit, and the production footprint surpassed its biocapacity in 1986, leading to an ecological over-shoot, as the over-consumption of natural resources grew. By 2010, 3.6 times the current area of bioproductive land was needed to provide sufficient resources to meet the consumption. China has been encouraging the development of exporting enterprises by implementing a series of financial and tax incentives, which have stimulated the economy in the short-term but have gradually increased the ecological trade deficit since 2000.