全医嘱静脉药物配置中心配送时效的优化

目的 运用现代物流管理方法,对运输人员进行工作量分析和运送人力分析,以满足静脉药物配置中心长期医嘱和临时医嘱的药品配送需求。方法 根据自身硬件和软件条件,利用统计学方法对运输工作量和运输人员的人力等方面进行分析,再利用现代物流管理理念和方法对药品配送中的硬件准备和路径选择拟定PIVAS所配药品的运送需求。结果 从硬件准备到路径选择,同时结合统计学计算运输工作量和运输人员的人力分析,从实际出发使医院内部物流能满足PIVAS所配药品的运送需求。结论 PIVAS配置长期医嘱,同时也能承接临时医嘱的配置,完善的物流配送是保证其正常动作的基础。     

Gene flow and genetic microdifferentiation of a transplanted Tlaxcaltecan Indian population: Saltillo

This study is one portion of a research program on: (1) the genetic effects of transplantation of Mexican Indian populations into diverse environments; (2) the effect of Spanish colonization on the genetics of Mexico. In 1591, 91 Tlaxcaltecan families were transplanted into northern Mexico to aid in the pacification of the Chichimec Indians. The descendants of these migrants are the residents of the City of Saltillo in the state of Coahuila. Since Saltillo had undergone considerable growth due to industrialization, two adjoining barrios–Chamizal and La Minita–were chosen for this study. Chamizal is an old established barrio where the descendants of the Tlaxcaltecan colonialists resided, while La Minita is a small shantytown made up of squatters from the surrounding areas. Blood specimens were collected by venipuncture from 302 participants and analyzed for 16 blood groups, 13 serum protein and red blood cell enzyme systems. The gene frequency distribution suggests that the Saltillo populations are a triracial hybrid made up of Indian, African and Spanish parental con-tributions. Admixture estimates and genetic distance measures are both in agreement with the ethnohistory of the transplanted Tlaxcaltecan community.     

MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR EVIDENCE REVEALS RECENT HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN GORILLA TAXA

Molecular studies have demonstrated a deep lineage split between the two gorilla species, as well as divisions within these taxa; estimates place this divergence in the mid-Pleistocene, with gene flow continuing until approximately 80,000 years ago. Here, we present analyses of skeletal data indicating the presence of substantial recent gene flow among gorillas at all taxonomic levels: between populations, subspecies, and species. Complementary analyses of DNA sequence variation suggest that low-level migration occurred primarily in a westerly-to-easterly direction. In western gorillas, the locations of hybrid phenotypes map closely to expectations based on population refugia and riverine barrier hypotheses, supporting the presence of significant vicariance-driven structuring and occasional admixture within this taxon. In eastern lowland gorillas, the high frequency of hybrid phenotypes is surprising, suggesting that this region represents a zone of introgression between eastern gorillas and migrants from the west, and underscoring the conservation priority of this critically endangered group. These results highlight the complex nature of evolutionary divergence in this genus, indicate that historical gene flow has played a major role in structuring gorilla diversity, and demonstrate that our understanding of the evolutionary processes responsible for shaping biodiversity can benefit immensely from consideration of morphological and molecular data in conjunction.     

The Griqua of Campbell, Cape Provice, South Africa.

The Griqua of Campbell in the Cape Province of South Africa are reputed to be descended from an amalgam of Khoi ("Hottentots") with various Caucasoid, Negroid and East Asian elements at the Cape of Good Hope. A stormy history of migration and deprivation has left this small residuum on the edge of the Kalahari Desert. It was hoped that a sero-genetic study of these people, who proudly preserve their identity, might provide further insights into the genetic consitution of their Khoi forebears. Despite the retention of the language of their own, an social mores distinct from of other Mixed populations, they have been shown, however, to have received an appreciable inflow of non-Khoisan genes. This has probably resulted from social factors such as the prestige attaching to Griqua membership and the willingness of the Griqua to assimilate outsiders, combined with the tendency of Campbell Griqua to migrate elsewhere. There are no significant differences between "Griqua" members of the population and those who are not recognized as "Griqua."     

The St. Lawrence Island Eskimos: genetic variation and genetic distance

The Eskimos of St. Lawrence Island have been typed for genetic variation at 44 discrete genetic loci. Three private polymorphisms, at the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase, peptidase B, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase loci, have been observed, which may be useful in future studies of genetic relationships between Eskimos and other circumpolar populations. Genetic distance analysis reveals a close relationship between the St. Lawrence Island Eskimos and other Eskimo populations and that the Eskimo populations form a distinct cluster from Amerindian populations. The St. Lawrence Island Eskimos appear to be more similar to Asiatic Eskimos than to other groups. Caucasian admixture in this population is estimated to be between 2 and 7%.     

Historical introgression among the American live oaks and the comparative nature of tests for introgression

Introgressive hybridization challenges the concepts we use to define species and infer phylogenetic relationships. Methods for inferring historical introgression from the genomes of extant species, such as ABBA‐BABA tests, are widely used, however, their results can be easily misinterpreted. Because these tests are inherently comparative, they are sensitive to the effects of missing data (unsampled species) and nonindependence (hierarchical relationships among species). We demonstrate this using genomic RADseq data sampled from all extant species in the American live oaks (Quercus series Virentes), a group notorious for hybridization. By considering all species and their phylogenetic relationships, we were able to distinguish true hybridizing lineages from those that falsely appear admixed. Six of seven species show evidence of admixture, often with multiple other species, but which is explained by introgression among a few related lineages occurring in close proximity. We identify the Cuban oak as the most admixed lineage and test alternative scenarios for its origin. The live oaks form a continuous ring‐like distribution around the Gulf of Mexico, connected in Cuba, across which they could effectively exchange alleles. However, introgression appears highly localized, suggesting that oak species boundaries and their geographic ranges have remained relatively stable over evolutionary time.     

Recent genomic heritage in Scotland

Background

The Generation Scotland Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS) includes 23,960 participants from across Scotland with records for many health-related traits and environmental covariates. Genotypes at ~700 K SNPs are currently available for 10,000 participants. The cohort was designed as a resource for genetic and health related research and the study of complex traits. In this study we developed a suite of analyses to disentangle the genomic differentiation within GS:SFHS individuals to describe and optimise the sample and methods for future analyses.

Results

We combined the genotypic information of GS:SFHS with 1092 individuals from the 1000 Genomes project and estimated their genomic relationships. Then, we performed Principal Component Analyses of the resulting relationships to investigate the genomic origin of different groups. We characterised two groups of individuals: those with a few sparse rare markers in the genome, and those with several large rare haplotypes which might represent relatively recent exogenous ancestors. We identified some individuals with likely Italian ancestry and a group with some potential African/Asian ancestry. An analysis of homozygosity in the GS:SFHS sample revealed a very similar pattern to other European populations. We also identified an individual carrying a chromosome 1 uniparental disomy. We found evidence of local geographic stratification within the population having impact on the genomic structure.

Conclusions

These findings illuminate the history of the Scottish population and have implications for further analyses such as the study of the contributions of common and rare variants to trait heritabilities and the evaluation of genomic and phenotypic prediction of disease.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1605-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Genome-wide insights into population structure and genetic history of tunisian local cattle using the illumina bovinesnp50 beadchip

Background

Tunisian local cattle populations are at risk of extinction as they were massively crossed with imported breeds. Preservation of indigenous livestock populations is important because each of them comprises a unique set of genes resulting from a local environment-driven selection that occurred over hundreds of years. The diversity and genetic structure of Tunisian local cattle populations are poorly understood. However, such information is crucial to the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources.In addition, comparing the genomic structure of population sets from different parts of the world could help yield insight into their origin and history.In the present study, we provide a detailed assessment of the population structure of the three Tunisian local cattle populations using various methods, and we highlight their origin and history by investigating approximately ~38,000 SNPs in a broad panel of 878 individuals from 37 worldwide cattle breeds representative of African, European and indicine populations.

Results

Our study revealed a low level of divergence and high genetic diversity in Tunisian local cattle reflecting low levels of genetic drift. A Comparison with the worldwide cattle panel pinpointed the admixed origin of the genome of the three Tunisian populations with the two main European and African ancestries. Our results were in agreement with previous historical and archaeological reports about the past gene flow that existed between North African and South European breeds, in particular with Iberian cattle. We also detected a low-level indicine introgression in the three Tunisian populations and we inferred that indicine ancestry was inherited via African ancestors.

Conclusions

Our results represent the first study providing genetic evidence about the origin and history of Tunisian local cattle. The information provided by the fine-scale genetic characterization of our study will enhance the establishment of a national conservation strategy for these populations. These results may enable the identification of genetic variants involved in adaptation to harsh environmental conditions.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1638-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Environmental versus geographical effects on genomic variation in wild soybean (Glycine soja) across its native range in northeast Asia

A fundamental goal in evolutionary biology is to understand how various evolutionary factors interact to affect the population structure of diverse species, especially those of ecological and/or agricultural importance such as wild soybean (Glycine soja). G. soja, from which domesticated soybeans (Glycine max) were derived, is widely distributed throughout diverse habitats in East Asia (Russia, Japan, Korea, and China). Here, we utilize over 39,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in 99 ecotypes of wild soybean sampled across their native geographic range in northeast Asia, to understand population structure and the relative contribution of environment versus geography to population differentiation in this species. A STRUCTURE analysis identified four genetic groups that largely corresponded to the geographic regions of central China, northern China, Korea, and Japan, with high levels of admixture between genetic groups. A canonical correlation and redundancy analysis showed that environmental factors contributed 23.6% to population differentiation, much more than that for geographic factors (6.6%). Precipitation variables largely explained divergence of the groups along longitudinal axes, whereas temperature variables contributed more to latitudinal divergence. This study provides a foundation for further understanding of the genetic basis of climatic adaptation in this ecologically and agriculturally important species.     

A genomewide admixture mapping study for yield factors and morphological traits in a cultivated cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) population

The selection of productive varieties of modern Criollo cocoa, showing fine aromatic qualities in their beans, is of major interest for some producing countries, such as Venezuela. Cultivated populations of Modern Criollo or Trinitario varieties may be suitable for admixture mapping analysis, as large blocks of alleles derived from two identified divergent ancestors, recently admixed, are still preserved, after a few generations of recombination, similar to experimental mapping progenies. Two hundred and fifty-seven individuals from a cultivated population of Modern Criollo were selected and analysed with 92 microsatellite markers distributed along the genome. This population exhibited a wide range of variability for yield factors and morphological features. Population structure analysis identified two main subgroups corresponding to the admixture from the two ancestors Criollo and Forastero. Several significant associations between markers and phenotypic data (yield factors and morphological traits) were identified by a least squares general linear model (GLM) taking into account the population structure and the percentage of admixture of each individual. Results were compared with classical QTL analyses previously reported for other cacao populations. Most markers associated to quantitative traits were very close to QTLs detected formerly for the same traits. Associations were also identified between markers and several qualitative traits including the red pigmentation observed in different organs, mainly associated to common markers in linkage group 4.