美味猕猴桃子叶愈伤组织的原生质体培养和再生植株

从B_5和NN-69培养基(含1mg/L 2,4-D)上分别选出美味猕猴桃子叶愈伤组织系A_(11)B_2和A_(16)N_1。在B_5原生质体培养基中,A_(11)B_2的原生质体再生细胞形成小细胞团;在NN-69原生质体培养基中,A_(16)N_1的原生质体再生细胞能持续分裂形成愈伤组织。经过分步诱导再生,获得A_(16)N_1原生质体再生植株。     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A FLOWER GALL MIDGE PSEUDAS-PHONDYLIA SP. (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) AND ITS HOST PLANT ACTINIDIA VALVATA*

Abstract Kiwifruit plants, Actinidia sp., are native to subtropical China. The flower-bud gall of A. valvata, which is induced by an undescribed gall midge in the genus Pseud as phond ylia, is valued by the pharmaceutical industry. When studying the biology of the Actinid ia/Pseud as phond ylia interaction in Central-south China we found evidence suggesting that under certain circumstances the gall insect modifies the reproductive mode of the dioecious host plant. Surveys and field experiments in the National Hupingshan Natural Reserve showed a high frequency of galled trees. The density of galled trees varied among valleys and among trees within the valleys. In two valleys, 92% and 75%, respectively, of all trees were attacked, while in a third valley no trees were attacked. When infested, staminate tree only produced galls, whereas pistillate plants produced normal fruits as well as galls. Gall shape differed between male and female trees. Trees with galls tended to produce more fruits than treea without galls. We speculate that this is one of a few documented examples of an insect that induces androdioecy in an otherwise functionally dioecious plant.     

不同植物生长调节剂对中华猕猴桃扦插生根的影响

以中华猕猴桃"桂海4号"为试材,采用500mg·L-1、1000mg·L-1、1500mg·L-1三种不同浓度的吲哚丁酸、萘乙酸、和ABT生根粉处理插条,进行了猕猴桃扦插试验。结果表明:吲哚丁酸1500mg·L-1的扦插生根率极显著高于萘乙酸和ABT生根粉的各个处理,显著高于吲哚丁酸1000mg·L-1;吲哚丁酸对根数和根长的促进作用优于萘乙酸和ABT生根粉,ABT生根粉对于根粗的促进作用却较其它两者强;主成分分析结果表明,吲哚丁酸1500mg·L-1处理的插条生长情况最好。     

山梨猕猴桃与中华猕猴桃种间杂交后代果实性状的遗传倾向分析

以山梨猕猴桃(Actinidia rufa(Siebold and Zuccarini)Planchon ex Miquel)品种‘63101’和中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis var.chinensis C. F. Liang)品种‘磨山雄7号’杂交产生的400余株F₁代个体为材料,连续2～3年对其果实品质和外观特点的9个性状进行测定,分析它们的遗传规律。结果显示,子代群体单果质量连续3年低于双亲中值,遗传传递力连续3年低于100%,优势率连续3年均为负值;可溶性固形物子代中值除2015年略低外,其余2年均高于亲中值12.3%;优势率均为正值,遗传传递力均大于100%;子代果实形状出现分离,与母本圆柱形相同的比例占82%;果皮毛被中,偏离母本的有毛比例为60%;果皮颜色出现绿色、绿褐色、褐色的分离,比例为1∶1.5∶1;果实肩部形状多与母本的方形相似,占比为63%;果肉颜色也多与母本的绿色相似,占比为86%;果实风味中,与父本和母本相似的表型占比均为32%,口感酸的占比18%,超低亲极酸占比1%,超高亲浓甜占比9%。说明杂交子代单果质量和可溶...     

机械振荡对猕猴桃愈伤组织ATP含量的影响

采用不同频率的往复机械振荡,以木质藤本植物中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)茎段的愈伤组织为实验材料,测定．ATP含量的变化,并通过与对照组(CK)相应值的比较,研究振荡刺激对植物能量代谢的影响。结果表明,机械振荡对猕猴桃愈伤组织ATP的含量有着比较明显的增强或抑制的双重效应,适度的振荡刺激将有利于提高植物的能量代谢水平,促进植物的生长发育,其中最适的振荡频率为3Hz左右。还从细胞和分子生物学的角度对环境应力影响植物能量代谢的可能机理进行了探讨。     

Actinidia chlorotic ringspot‐associated virus: a novel emaravirus infecting kiwifruit plants

By integrating next‐generation sequencing (NGS), bioinformatics, electron microscopy and conventional molecular biology tools, a new virus infecting kiwifruit vines has been identified and characterized. Being associated with double‐membrane‐bound bodies in infected tissues and having a genome composed of RNA segments, each one containing a single open reading frame in negative polarity, this virus shows the typical features of members of the genus Emaravirus. Five genomic RNA segments were identified. Additional molecular signatures in the viral RNAs and in the proteins they encode, together with data from phylogenetic analyses, support the proposal of creating a new species in the genus Emaravirus to classify the novel virus, which is tentatively named Actinidia chlorotic ringspot‐associated virus (AcCRaV). Bioassays showed that AcCRaV is mechanically transmissible to Nicotiana benthamiana plants which, in turn, may develop chlorotic spots and ringspots. Field surveys disclosed the presence of AcCRaV in four different species of kiwifruit vines in five different provinces of central and western China, and support the association of the novel virus with symptoms of leaf chlorotic ringspots in Actinidia. Data on the molecular features of small RNAs of 21–24 nucleotides, derived from AcCRaV RNAs targeted by host RNA silencing mechanisms, are also reported, and possible molecular pathways involved in their biogenesis are discussed.     

Manipulation of flavour and aroma compound sequestration and release using a glycosyltransferase with specificity for terpene alcohols

Glycosides are an important potential source of aroma and flavour compounds for release as volatiles in flowers and fruit. The production of glycosides is catalysed by UDP‐glycosyltransferases (UGTs) that mediate the transfer of an activated nucleotide sugar to acceptor aglycones. A screen of UGTs expressed in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) identified the gene AdGT4 which was highly expressed in floral tissues and whose expression increased during fruit ripening. Recombinant AdGT4 enzyme glycosylated a range of terpenes and primary alcohols found as glycosides in ripe kiwifruit. Two of the enzyme's preferred alcohol aglycones, hexanol and (Z)‐hex‐3‐enol, contribute strongly to the ‘grassy‐green’ aroma notes of ripe kiwifruit and other fruit including tomato and olive. Transient over‐expression of AdGT4 in tobacco leaves showed that enzyme was able to glycosylate geraniol and octan‐3‐ol in planta whilst transient expression of an RNAi construct in Actinidia eriantha fruit reduced accumulation of a range of terpene glycosides. Stable over‐expression of AdGT4 in transgenic petunia resulted in increased sequestration of hexanol and other alcohols in the flowers. Transgenic tomato fruit stably over‐expressing AdGT4 showed changes in both the sequestration and release of a range of alcohols including 3‐methylbutanol, hexanol and geraniol. Sequestration occurred at all stages of fruit ripening. Ripe fruit sequestering high levels of glycosides were identified as having a less intense, earthier aroma in a sensory trial. These results demonstrate the importance of UGTs in sequestering key volatile compounds in planta and suggest a future approach to enhancing aromas and flavours in flowers and during fruit ripening.     

猕猴桃种质资源保存及育种研究

收集保存猕猴桃属植物３５种或变种、变型,并将它们分为抗寒?喜凉、喜温３种类型。从保存的中华猕猴桃优株中系统选育出“武植２号”、“武植３号”２个优良品种。以中华猕猴桃为母本,毛花猕猴桃为父本进行种间杂交,从杂种Ｆ１代中培养出“江山娇”、“满天星”、“重瓣”３个具有园艺观赏价值的优良株系。这些研究工作为猕猴桃种质资源的保存及新品种的培育奠定了工作基础。     

江西猕猴桃属(Actinidia)植物的分布及其区系特征

通过野外调查和查阅大量标本、文献,对江西猕猴桃属植物的分布和区系特征进行了系统研究。江西省境内分布有猕猴桃属植物20种和11变种(或变型),其中葛枣猕猴桃(Actinidia polygama (Sieb．et Zucc．)Maxim．)、灰毛猕猴桃(A．cinerascens C．F．Liang)、楔叶猕猴桃(A.fasciculoides var. cuneata C.F.Lang)和簇花猕猴桃(A．fasciculoides C．F．Liang)为江西新分布。江西猕猴桃属植物区系特征表现在：(1)种类丰富;(2)特有现象较明显;(3)多型性突出;(4)地理成分复杂,以中国特有分布式样为主;(5)种间、种内分化较强烈;(6)与邻近地区猕猴桃属植物的关系密切。还对江西猕猴桃属植物的分布与自然生境的关系进行了探讨。