Hydrological Status of the spawning ground of Acipenser sinensis underneath the Gezhouba Dam and its relationship with the spawning runs

The spawning runs of Chinese Sturgeon (CS; Acipenser sinensis) were observed 37 times below Gezhouba Dam of Yangtze River between 1983 and 2004. Five hydrological factors (water temperature, water level, flow discharge, silt content and current velocity) were monitored on a daily basis at the spawning ground between October and November for 22 consecutive years (1983–2004). The effect of current velocity on the spawning ground at the bottom layer of the river, where CS was spawning for four years, was measured (1996–1999). The authors of this study analyzed the relationship between the five hydrological factors and the respective spawning runs. Twenty-two years of continuous observations indicated that the daily mean values of all the five hydrological factors fluctuated within a certain range when CS was spawning. It was concluded that the optimal values for the hydrological factors during the spawning runs are 18.0–20.0°C for temperature, 14100 m³/s for discharge volume, 42.0–45.0 m for water level above the sea level, and 0.2–0.3 kg/m³ for silt content in the water, wherein the current velocity above the bottom layer to stimulate the fish to spawn should be between 1.0–1.7 m/s. The optimal water temperature might provide an essential precondition for other factors to trigger spawning. As water temperature reaches the optimal values and most of the other parameters are at the brink of deviation from their optimal range of values (water level, current velocity and silt content in the water), CS would begin to spawn. By 2009, when the Yangtze Three Gorges Project, which is located 45 km upstream of the Gezhouba Dam, is completed and begins to operate normally, changes in the downstream water temperature are expected to occur, which may have a negative effect on the development of gonad and the stimulation of spawning of CS; however, the anticipated decrease of the silt content in the water may be considered favorable for the performance of the spawning site.     

湖鲟微卫星DNA引物应用于中华鲟亲子关系分析的初步研究

利用湖鲟(Acipenser fulvescens)的4对微卫星引物对中华鲟随机个体样本进行PCR扩增,分析电泳结果发现,4对引物均可在中华鲟个体中得到稳定的同源序列,其中2对引物所探测到的等位基因数目较多,在个体间表现出较高的多态性,利用它们产生的DNA指纹图谱,能够对1999年度获得的中华鲟亲鱼样本进行有效的个体区分。并且这两对湖鲟的微卫星引物在对1999年度已知亲本的同一家系中的中华鲟随机个体的分析中,表现为按照孟德尔方式进行共显性遗传。证明这2对微卫星引物可以用于鉴别中华鲟人工放流个体和自然繁殖个体。     

温度对中华鲟幼鱼代谢酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响

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中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)间的长度变异与个体内的长度异质性

用PCR技术扩增中华鲟（Acipensersinensis）线粒体DNA（mtDNA）控制区（D－loop）时,发现中华鲟天然群体内存在个体间和个体内的mtDNA长度变异现象。DNA测序表明,长度变异发生在mtDNAryloop靠近tRANpro的位置,由长约82碱基对（bp）的重复序列串联形成的。由个体内mtDNA长度变异造成的异质性个体比例为57.4％,非异质性（同质性）个体的比例为426％。非异质性个体间的mtDNA的大小也不一样,存在长度变异。在非异质性个体中,有2、3、4、5个串联重复序列形成的4种分子类型的情况,其重复序列出现的频率从高到低的循序是3→2→4→5。在异质性个体中,同一个体由2种不同分子组合的异质体最普通,占77.78％3种不同分子组合的频率次之,占18.520。4种不同分子组合的异质体比例最少,占3．70％。没有发现由5种不同分子组合的异质体。对所有异质体混合分析表明,各种类型的重复序列出现的比例与非异质体的类似,即分子大小（含重复序列数）从高到低的顺序为3→2→4→5→1。对47尾中华鲟的个体内和个体间的遗传多样性指数分析发现,有65．3％遗传变异表现在群体内的个体间,有347％的遗传变异表现在个体内。由mtDNA长度异质性造成的个体内的多样性是中华鳍物种遗传多样性的另一途径。     

Sturgeon poaching and black market caviar: a case study

This paper documents a recent United States Federal prosecution of members of a poaching ring that sold caviar derived from illegally taken Columbia River white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. Experts estimated that over 2000 adult sturgeon were killed in the process of illegally harvesting the more than 1500 kg of caviar involved in the case. Case studies of illegal activities related to exploitation of natural resources are rare. These crimes are difficult to discover and prosecute, for secrecy is essential, and by the time the facts are publicly available, irreparable environmental damage may have already been done. Sturgeons and paddle-fishes have long life spans but take many years to reach reproductive maturity; they reproduce infrequently and rely upon large, often urban rivers for their spawning migrations. These basic biological characteristics render these fishes especially susceptible to illegal exploitation, particularly when stocks have already been damaged by overfishing, dam construction or pollution (as has the Columbia River population of white sturgeon). Given the often exorbitant prices for sturgeon and paddlefish caviar, and the relative ease of capturing these fishes during their spawning migrations, persons may be tempted to circumvent state and federal regulations designed to protect acipenseriforms. Additionally, those involved in the distribution and sale of caviar can be motivated to fraudulently mislabel the product; for instance, in this case, white sturgeon caviar was marked as beluga caviar and sold at approximately five times the normal price of white sturgeon caviar. Despite the clear evidence of an environmental crime, the scale of the abuse, and the convictions, sentencing was light, a discouraging sign for those who hope to limit such destructive crimes in the future.     

长江口中华鲟幼鱼的食物组成及摄食习性

分析了2004年5-9月长江口水域中华鲟幼鱼的食物组成及摄食的月份变化.结果表明:长江口中华鲟幼鱼以底栖小型鱼类、多毛类和端足类为主要食物,兼食虾类、蟹类及瓣鳃类等小型底栖动物.幼鱼的摄食率和摄食强度较高,且摄食强度存在着月份变化.主要饵料生物组成有明显的月变化,且食物个体有逐渐增大的趋势,其中5月主食多毛类和蟹类,6月主食鱼类和端足类,7月为鱼类和多毛类,8月样本较少且为空胃,9月为鱼类和虾类.与历史资料进行比较发现,曾是幼鱼重要饵料的鲬类所占比例极小,其质量百分比仅占1.81%;而以前未曾记录的虾虎鱼类在食物中所占比例较高, 其质量百分比达50.54%;等足类以前也未曾记录,其出现频率达10.07%.     

The effects of starvation on plasma free amino acid and glucose concentrations in lake sturgeon

The effect of starvation on the metabolism of the lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens was examined by measuring haematocrit, plasma glucose concentrations, and plasma free amino acids. Plasma was sampled on day 0, 10, 20, 45 and 60 of a 60-day starvation period. Haematocrit was observed to decrease with starvation indicating a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Plasma glucose levels differed only at day 10, with a decrease in blood glucose level in the starved group. No differences were detected between groups for alanine, aspartate, and serine, while elevated levels were observed for glutamine throughout the experiment. An increase in arginine, tyrosine, valine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, glutamate, glycine, isoleucine, histidine and leucine, concentrations were observed after 45 days of starvation. The maintenance, or increased plasma levels, of glucogenic amino acids in combination with the maintenance of blood glucose concentrations indicates active gluconeogenic processes in the liver supported by muscle proteolysis.     

五种鲟鱼线粒体控制区异质性和系统发育分析

利用保守引物得到五种鲟鱼的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）控制区（D-loop）全长,长度在795~813 bp。序列中包括了CBS（conserved sequence block）和TAS（termination-associated sequence）区域。利用最大似然法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法构建了系统发育树,发育树分成两枝,呈现明显的生物地理分布。分析表明,现有的鳇属鱼类不是单系群起源。五种鲟鱼D-loop序列都存在长度和数目不等串联重复序列,长度在78~82 bp之间,重复序列拷贝数在4~6次不等,因此造成了mtDNA广泛的异质性现象。不同种类的重复序列单元十分相似,达氏鳇和史氏鲟重复序列单元相似度为82.93%,西伯利亚鲟和俄罗斯鲟重复序列单元相似度为90.59%。在串联重复序列后是一段不完全重复序列。通过与已有同种的重复序列比对发现不同鲟鱼重复序列相同,不同地理区域相同物种的重复序列可能发生过分子内重组。这些表明重复序列在鲟鱼进化上具有相关意义,推测重复序列可能产生在种分化前,重组发生在种分化后。     

饲料脂肪水平对杂交鲟幼鱼生长、饲料消化率、抗氧化水平和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

研究旨在探究饲料中不同脂肪水平对西伯利亚杂交鲟(Acipenser baerii Brandt♀×A. schrenckii Brandt♂)幼鱼生长、饲料消化率、血清生化指标及肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。以鱼油为脂肪源,配制4种脂肪水平分别为5%(D05)、10%(D10)、15%(D15)和20%(D20)的等氮饲料。选用初始体重为(152.83±0.67) g的杂交鲟,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾鱼。养殖周期为12周。结果显示,饲料中不同脂肪水平对杂交鲟的生长性能有显著影响(P<0.05)。其中, D15组杂交鲟幼鱼的末均重(FBW)、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著高于D05、D10和D20组(P<0.05),饲料效率(FE)显著高于D05和D10组(P<0.05)。随着饲料中脂肪含量的增加,杂交鲟幼鱼脏体比(VSI)、肝体比(HSI)及肌肉、肝脏中的脂肪含量显著上升(P<0.05)。饲料中不同脂肪水平对干物质(ADCd)、蛋白质(ADCp)表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。D10、D15和D20组脂肪表观消化率(ADCf)显...