β-Cyclodextrin-Based Nitrosoglutathione Improves the Storage Quality of Peach by Regulating the Metabolism of Endogenous Nitric Oxide,Hydrogen Sulfide,and Phenylpropane

Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) exhibit positive roles in regulating fruit quality. However, there are few reports about the effects of GSNO and β-CD on enhancing storability and boosting nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), and phenylpropane metabolism in fruits during storage. “Xintaihong” peach were treated with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mmol L⁻¹ GSNO in 0.5% (w/v) β-CD solution (GSNO/β-CD). The effects of GSNO/β-CD on endogenous NO, H₂S, and phenylpropane metabolism were investigated. Treatment with GSNO/β-CD increased the color difference of peach and inhibited the increase of respiratory intensity, weight loss, and relative conductivity. Treatment with 1.0 mmol L⁻¹ GSNO/β-CD increased the nitric oxide synthase (NOS-like) activity and L-arginine content, thereby promoting the accumulation of endogenous NO. By improving the activities of L-cysteine desulfhydrylase (L-CD), O-acetylserine sulfur lyase (OAS-TL), serine acetyltransferase (SAT), GSNO/β-CD increased the content of endogenous H₂S in peach. Treatment with GSNO/β-CD increased the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), and cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase (C4H), promoted the increase of total phenols, flavonoids, and lignin in peach. These results indicated that GSNO/β-CD treatment better maintained the quality of peach by improving the metabolism of endogenous NO, H₂S, and phenylpropane during storage.     

Digital Twin‐Driven All‐Solid‐State Battery: Unraveling the Physical and Electrochemical Behaviors

The digital twin technique has been broadly utilized to efficiently and effectively predict the performance and problems associated with real objects via a virtual replica. However, the digitalization of twin electrochemical systems has not been achieved thus far, owing to the large amount of required calculations of numerous and complex differential equations in multiple dimensions. Nevertheless, with the help of continuous progress in hardware and software technologies, the fabrication of a digital twin‐driven electrochemical system and its effective utilization have become a possibility. Herein, a digital twin‐driven all‐solid‐state battery with a solid sulfide electrolyte is built based on a voxel‐based microstructure. Its validity is verified using experimental data, such as effective electronic/ionic conductivities and electrochemical performance, for LiNi_0.70Co_0.15Mn_0.15O₂ composite electrodes employing Li₆PS₅Cl. The fundamental performance of the all‐solid‐state battery is scrutinized by analyzing simulated physical and electrochemical behaviors in terms of mass transport and interfacial electrochemical reaction kinetics. The digital twin model herein reveals valuable but experimentally inaccessible time‐ and space‐resolved information including dead particles, specific contact area, and charge distribution in the 3D domain. Thus, this new computational model is bound to rapidly improve the all‐solid‐state battery technology by saving the research resources and providing valuable insights.     

Microbial communities and organic biomarkers in a Proterozoic‐analog sinkhole

Little Salt Spring (Sarasota County, FL, USA) is a sinkhole with groundwater vents at ~77 m depth. The entire water column experiences sulfidic (~50 μM) conditions seasonally, resulting in a system poised between oxic and sulfidic conditions. Red pinnacle mats occupy the sediment–water interface in the sunlit upper basin of the sinkhole, and yielded 16S rRNA gene clones affiliated with Cyanobacteria, Chlorobi, and sulfate‐reducing clades of Deltaproteobacteria. Nine bacteriochlorophyll e homologues and isorenieratene indicate contributions from Chlorobi, and abundant chlorophyll a and pheophytin a are consistent with the presence of Cyanobacteria. The red pinnacle mat contains hopanoids, including 2‐methyl structures that have been interpreted as biomarkers for Cyanobacteria. A single sequence of hpnP, the gene required for methylation of hopanoids at the C‐2 position, was recovered in both DNA and cDNA libraries from the red pinnacle mat. The hpnP sequence was most closely related to cyanobacterial hpnP sequences, implying that Cyanobacteria are a source of 2‐methyl hopanoids present in the mat. The mats are capable of light‐dependent primary productivity as evidenced by ¹³C‐bicarbonate photoassimilation. We also observed ¹³C‐bicarbonate photoassimilation in the presence of DCMU, an inhibitor of electron transfer to Photosystem II. Our results indicate that the mats carry out light‐driven primary production in the absence of oxygen production—a mechanism that may have delayed the oxygenation of the Earth's oceans and atmosphere during the Proterozoic Eon. Furthermore, our observations of the production of 2‐methyl hopanoids by Cyanobacteria under conditions of low oxygen and low light are consistent with the recovery of these structures from ancient black shales as well as their paucity in modern marine environments.     

Regulation of adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase activity by H2S in Lemna minor L.

When Lemna minor L. is transferred to an atmosphere with H₂S, there is a rapid loss of extractable adenosine-5-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase activity. The activity is restored within 24 h in an atmosphere without H₂S. This restoration of activity is completely inhibited by cycloheximid but not by chloramphenicol. In vitro, S^2- up to 5 mM and cysteine, methionine, and glutathione up to 50 mM do not inhibit the enzyme. The activities of ATP sulfurylase and O-acetyl-L-serine sulfhydrylase are not affected significantly by H₂S. The physiological significance of the regulation of adenosine-5-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase is discussed.Abbreviations APS adenosine-5-phosphosulfate - PAPS adenosine-3-phosphate-5-phosphosulfate - BSA bovine serum albumin - DTT dithiothreitol - POPOP 1,4-di [2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]-benzene - PPO 2,5-diphenyloxazol This is no. 6 in the series Regulation of Sulfate Assmilation in Plants     

介导硫化氢生理/病理学效应的靶分子及其分子开关调节的原子生物学机制

硫化氢(H_2S)作为继一氧化氮和一氧化碳后的第三种气体信号分子,日渐受到人们的关注,检测技术的发展为研究提供了帮助。H_2S在人体各系统中发挥着重要的作用,如心血管系统、神经系统、呼吸系统等,其与高血压、动脉粥样硬化、神经退行性疾病、哮喘等疾病的发生发展有着密切的联系,具有作为疾病治疗药物的潜能。对于H_2S作用于靶分子机制的阐述深化了小分子物质调控大分子功能的研究,提供了对多种疾病进行干预的新手段。     

Spatial variation in pyritization of trace metals in salt-marsh soils

In the present study, the pyritization of trace metals was studied in 12soils from 3 salt marshes in the Ría of Ortigueira (NW Spain). Theconcentrations of trace metals in the pyrite fraction were related tophysicochemical conditions, physiographical position in the salt marsh, and thepresence or absence and type of vegetation. Redox conditions in soils from thelow-salt marsh and from the creek bottom were strongly reducing throughout theprofile, and there were higher concentrations of Fe and some trace metals (Cuand Mn) in the pyrite fraction (soluble in HNO₃) than in thereactivefraction (soluble in 1N HCl). In contrast, the trace-metal content in pyritefraction in the surface layers of the high-salt marsh was low. In some of thesoils, there was a significant increase in the pyrite content below 25cm, and levels of Fe, Mn and Cu incorporated into this fractionwere similar to those in the reactive fraction. The degree of pyritizationvaried greatly among metals in the order: CuFe-1NHCl>dithionite-Fe>NiMn>>Zn>Cr, although when we consideredonly the amorphous forms (ascorbate-Fe) as reactive-Fe, the order was:ascorbate-Fe>>Cu>NiMn>>Zn>Cr. These differences appearedto be a consequence of the different geochemical behaviour of each metal(mainlyin terms of the thermodynamic stability of sulfides and reaction kinetics),except for Zn. The low concentrations of Zn obtained may have been due to thesolubility of ZnS in 1N HCl, which meant that it was extracted with thereactivefraction. Finally, we observed a direct relationship between DOP and DTMP,whichwas independent of the geochemical behaviour of each metal and of itsconcentration in the soil. Thus, the strong correlation between pyrite-Fe andthe metals associated with this fraction appears to indicate that these metalscoprecipitate with pyrite rather than form metal sulfides.     

Involvement of endogenous hydrogen sulfide in cigarette smoke-induced changes in airway responsiveness and inflammation of rat lung

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), recently considered the third endogenous gaseous transmitter, may have an important role in systemic inflammation. We investigated whether endogenous H₂S may be a crucial mediator in airway responsiveness and airway inflammation in a rat model of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). Rats randomly divided into control and CS-exposed groups were treated with or without sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, donor of H₂S) or propargylglycine (PPG, inhibitor of cystathionine-γ-lyase [CSE], an H₂S-synthesizing enzyme) for 4-month exposure. Serum H₂S level and CSE protein expression in lung tissue were higher, by 2.04- and 2.33-fold, respectively, in CS-exposed rats than in controls (P < 0.05). Exogenous administration of NaHS to CS-exposed rats alleviated airway reactivity induced by acetylcholine (Ach) or potassium chloride (KCl) by 17.4% and 13.8%, respectively, decreased lung pathology score by 32.7%, inhibited IL-8 and TNF- α concentrations in lung tissue by 34.2% and 31.4%, respectively, as compared with CS-exposed rats (all P < 0.05). However, blocking endogenous CSE with PPG in CS-exposed rats increased airway reactivity induced by Ach or KCl, by 24.1% and 24.5%, respectively, and aggravated lung pathology score, by 44.8%, as compared with CS-exposed rats (all P < 0.01). Incubation in vitro with NaHS, 1–3 mmol/L, relaxed rat tracheal smooth muscle precontracted by Ach or KCl. However, the NaHS-induced relaxation was not blocked by glibenclamide (10^?4 mol/L), L-NAME (10^?4 mol/L), or ODQ (1 μmol/L) or denudation of epithelium. Endogenous H₂S may have a protective role of anti-inflammation and bronchodilation in chronic CS-induced pulmonary injury.     

Simultaneous biological removal of nitrogen–sulfur–carbon: Recent advances and challenges

Biological removal of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur is drawing increasing research interest in search for an efficient and cost-effective wastewater treatment. While extensive work on separate removal of nitrogen and sulfur is well documented, investigation on simultaneous denitrifying sulfide removal has only been reported recently. Most of the work on denitrifying sulfide removal has been focusing on bioreactor performance, loading and operating conditions. Nonetheless, underlying principles elucidating the biochemical reactions and the mechanisms of the microbial degradation are yet to be established. In addition, unstable denitrifying sulfide removal which is a major operating problem that hinders practical application of the process, is yet to be resolved. This paper provides a review on the state-of-the-art development of simultaneous biological removal of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon. Research on bioreactor operation and performance, reactor configurations, mechanisms and modeling work including the use of mass balance analysis and artificial neural networks is delineated. An in-depth discussion on the microbial community and functional consortium is also provided. Challenges and future work on simultaneous biological removal of nitrogen–sulfur–carbon are also outlined.     

Effects of bismuth subsalicylate and calcium-ammonium nitrate on ruminal in vitro fermentation of bahiagrass hay with supplemental molasses

There is a need to increase efficiency of beef production. Decreasing losses of CH₄ and improving byproduct utilization are popular strategies. Two feed additives were tested to find potential solutions. Three randomized complete block design experiments were performed using batch culture systems to evaluate the effects of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) and calcium-ammonium nitrate (CAN) on in vitro ruminal fermentation of bahiagrass hay and supplemental molasses. The first experiment contained four treatments: (1) basal substrate; (2) basal substrate with 0.75% urea (DM basis); (3) basal substrate with 1.2% CAN and 0.38% urea (DM basis); and (4) basal substrate with 2.4% CAN (DM basis). Treatments 2, 3, and 4 were isonitrogenous. The second experiment had a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 4 concentrations of BSS (0.00, 0.33, 0.66, and 1.00%; DM basis) and 3 concentrations of CAN (0.0, 1.2, and 2.4%; DM basis). The third experiment had the following treatments: (1) basal substrate; (2) basal substrate with 0.05% BSS (DM basis); (3) basal substrate with 0.10% BSS (DM basis); and (4) basal substrate with 0.33% BSS (DM basis). For all experiments, basal substrate consisted of Pensacola bahiagrass hay (Paspalum notatum Flüggé; 80% substrate DM) and molasses (20% substrate DM). All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. In Exp. 1, in vitro organic matter (OM) digestibility (IVOMD) was linearly reduced (P < 0.001) with the inclusion of CAN, and CH₄, in mmol/g OM fermented, was decreased linearly (P < 0.001). The volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile was not impacted by the inclusion of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) or CAN (P > 0.05). In Exp. 2, except for CH₄ production (P < 0.05), there were no BSS × CAN interactions. Linear reductions in total gas production (P < 0.001), IVOMD (P < 0.001), and total concentration of VFA (P = 0.007) were observed with the inclusion of BSS up to 1%. The inclusion of BSS decreased H₂S production in a quadratic manner (P = 0.024). In Exp. 3, IVOMD was not impacted by the inclusion of BSS (P > 0.05); however, production of H₂S was linearly decreased (P = 0.004) with the inclusion of BSS up to 0.33%. In conclusion, in vitro fermentation was negatively impacted by the inclusions of BSS, up to 1%, and CAN, up to 2.4%; however, BSS decreased production of H₂S when included up to 0.33% without impeding fermentation, while CAN decreased CH₄ production.