阿胶冲剂与阿胶的化学成分对比分析研究

阿胶在我国有着悠久的历史,是常用滋补中药,具有许多特殊的功效,国内外享有盛誉。据《本草纲目》及《本草纲目拾遗》等介绍,阿胶在明代以前系用(沙牛)牛,水牛,驴皮或猪、马、驼皮等杂皮熬制而成。自清代始一律采用黑驴皮熬制。以往服用阿胶必须将阿胶先用水浸泡后,然后加热溶解后才能服用.为了克服这一缺点,山东化工学院研制了一种用开水冲服的阿胶新制剂——阿胶冲剂.为了弄清阿胶经物理方法处理后的化学组成成份与原阿谱的化学组成成分的不同变化。我们对其所含微量元素、氨基酸进行了对比分析.另外,本文首次报道了阿胶及阿胶冲剂的红外光谱分析结果.     

刺激隐神经中C类纤维诱发的小脑浦肯野细胞简单锋电位反应

用玻璃微电极记录了猫小脑浦肯野细胞的简单锋电位(PC-SS)。在标准化互协方差函数图中,PC-SS自发放电无明显波峰;弱刺激隐神经只引起A类纤维传入时,PC-SS出现A类诱发放电反应(A-CED),它包括潜伏期为16.7±0.9ms的早反应和270.8±12.8ms的晚反应。用极化电流选择性阻滞A类纤维传导后,强刺激只引起C类纤维单独传入时,出现潜伏期为142.4±4.3ms的C类诱发反应(C-CED)。强刺激同时引起A类和C类纤维传入时,只出现A-CED而不出现C-CED。按标准化功率谱密度函数分析,PC-SS自发放电可分为两种类型。一类为高峰型,最大能量峰值平均为15.7±4.7×10~(-3),峰频为4.07±1.67Hz;刺激A类纤维使峰值增大,而刺激C类纤维却使峰值减小。另一类为低峰型,峰值为8.4±1.4×10~(-3),峰频为3.67±2.90Hz。刺激A类和C类纤维均使峰值增大,前者增大更多,但峰频均无显著性变化。上述结果表明,C类纤维传入可以到达小脑浦肯野细胞,引起特异的PC-SS放电反应。     

正常小鼠高频心电图时域值和功率谱的研究

本文用南京新博公司生产的ＮＨＥ－１０００型心电高频信息检测分析仪研究了正常小鼠（昆明种）高频心电图（ＨＦ－ＥＣＧ）的时域值和ＱＲＳ波群的功率谱。主要结果如下（以正导为例,－Ｘ±ＳＤ）：心率６０３±８８次／ｍｉｎ（ｎ＝７４）;Ｐ－Ｒ间期相对较长。为３４．９±４．７ｍｓ（ｎ＝５８）,占心动周期的３４．９±４．９％,这与人类有很大的不同;ＱＲＳ波宽９．２±１．２ｍｓ,占心动周期的９．２±１．４％（ｎ＝７４）,这一结果与以前的文献报道相差较大。Ｔ波宽１０．３±３．２ｍｓ,占心动周期的１０．３±３．２％;Ｑ－Ｔ间期１９．４±３．２ｍｓ,占心动周期的１９．５±３．６％;ＱＲＳ波群峰－峰值（Ｖｐ－ｐ）为１．４５６±０．４８０ｍＶ;Ｔ波高０．３３６±０．１１５ｍＶ;７３只动物Ⅱ导联高频切迹总数只有３个,扭挫２６个。Ⅱ导联ＱＲＳ波群的功率谱特点：０—８０Ｈｚ的相对能量为４５．４８±１５．３２％;８０—２００Ｈｚ为４３．９７±９．９５％;２００—３００Ｈｚ为８．８９±７．３８％;３００—１０００Ｈｚ为１．６６±２．７４％。     

Biological control of oilseed rape Sclerotinia stem rot by Bacillus subtilis strain Em7

In the present study, the endophytic bacterium Bacillus subtilis strain Em7 (GU258545.1) was evaluated as a biological control agent for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on oilseed rape. In petri dish, strain Em7 not only strongly inhibited pathogen mycelium growth but also germination of sclerotia at concentrations between 10⁹ and 10¹¹ colony forming unit (CFU)·ml^?1. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that in the presence of strain Em7, hyphae of S. sclerotiorum showed leakage and disintegration of hyphal cytoplasm. Furthermore, the strain Em7 showed a broad antifungal spectrum on mycelium growth of numerous important plant pathogenic fungi. Light microscopic observations revealed that strain Em7 caused morphological alterations including increased branching, swelling and collapse of cytoplasm. In the greenhouse, spray treatments of cell suspensions of strain Em7 (1×10⁹ CFU·ml^?1) reduced leaf and stem rot incidence and severity in the seedling and blossom stage. The control efficacy was higher when strain Em7 cell suspension was applied one day prior to inoculation of the pathogen than after inoculation. Three-year field trials showed that two applications of strain Em7 cell suspension at blossom stage significantly reduced disease incidence and severity by 50–70%. There was no significant difference in control efficacy among treatments with strain Em7 cell suspension and the fungicides containing carbendazim or tebuconazole (P = 0.05). Thus, our results strongly suggest that B. subtilis strain Em7 is a promising biological control agent for control of oilseed rape Sclerotinia stem rot.     

大黄鱼主要致病菌拮抗菌株的分离鉴定、抑菌谱及安全性分析

大黄鱼是我国重要的海水养殖鱼类,随着大黄鱼养殖规模的扩大,病害也日益增多,其中细菌性疾病是造成大黄鱼疾病暴发、死亡的重要病原。近年来,哈维弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)、溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)、杀香鱼假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida)、鰤鱼诺卡菌(Nocardia seriolea)等细菌造成了大黄鱼养殖重大经济损失。为寻找大黄鱼主要致病菌的拮抗菌,用于大黄鱼细菌病的生态控制,作者对大黄鱼及周边环境进行了拮抗菌的分离和鉴定。以哈维弧菌、杀香鱼假单胞菌作为拮抗活性筛选指示菌,用纸片法(KB)、菌落接种法从大黄鱼体内、养殖池周边土壤、藻类、芦苇等筛选出具抗菌活性物质菌株10株;分离菌株用16S rDNA通用引物序列分析鉴定为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)、产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes sp.)、类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)、赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus sp.)、弧菌(Vibrio sp.)和异常球菌(Daenococcus sp.)等。对具较强抑菌活性的碱性杆菌NBPa-7(Alcaligenes faecalis)和芽孢杆菌NBlm-36(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)进行了抑菌活性测定,结果表明NBPa-7对溶藻弧菌、杀香鱼假单胞菌有良好拮抗作用,抑菌直径分别为23.20 mm、12.00 mm;NBlm-36对创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)、哈维弧菌、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)及葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sp.)有拮抗作用,抑菌直径为6.00 mm-14.00 mm。胞外抑菌产物对热、酸、碱有较好耐受性。将拮抗菌以1×108CFU/ind腹腔注射成年鼠、口喂新生鼠,48 h内未出现毒性和死亡,将拮抗菌以3×108CFU/ind腹腔注射大黄鱼,2周内未出现发病死亡,大黄鱼内脏未发生病变,白细胞未出现明显升高现象,初步表明拮抗菌株不具有致病力。     

Frequency Analysis and Anti-Shock Mechanism of Woodpecker＇s Head Structure

The mechanical properties of the skull and the anti-shock characteristics of woodpecker＇s head were investigated by ex- periment and numerical simulation. We measured the micro-Young＇s modulus of the skull by nano-indentation method and calculated the macro-equivalent Young＇s modulus of the skull at different positions using homogenization theory. Based on the Computerized Tomography （CT） images of woodpecker head, we then built complete and symmetric finite element models of woodpecker＇s skull and its internal structure and performed modal analysis and stress spectrum analysis. The numerical results show that the application of pre-tension force to the hyoid bone can increase the natural frequency of woodpecker＇s head. The first natural frequency under the pre-tension force of 25 N reaches 57 Hz, which is increased by 21.3% from the non-pre-tension state and is more than twice the working frequency of woodpecker （20 Hz 25 Hz）. On the application of impact force to the tip of beak for 0.6 ms, high magnitudes of stress component occur at around 100 Hz and 8,000 Hz, far away from both the working frequencies and the natural frequencies of woodpecker head. The large gaps among the natural, working and stress response frequencies enable the woodpecker to effectively protect its brain from the resonance injury.     

一个适用于分离光系统Ⅱ的凝胶电泳系统

用一高分辨率的凝胶电泳系统从延长破碎时间的蓝藻类囊体膜增溶物中分离出１４条绿色的带。按照电泳迁移率的增加顺序,自上而下分别是ＣＰＩａ,ＣＰＩｂ,ＣＰＩｃ,ＣＰＩｄ,ＣＰＩｅ,ＣＰＩｆ,ＣＰＩｇ,ＣＰＩｈ,ＣＰａ１,ＣＰａ２,ＣＰａ３,ＣＰａ４,ＣＰａ５和ＦＣ。ＣＰａ１,ＣＰａ２,ＣＰａ３,ＣＰａ４和ＣＰａ５５种叶绿素蛋白复合体的吸收光谱相似,它们在蓝区的吸收峰位子４３６ｎｍ,而红区的吸收峰则位于６７０—６７３ｎｍ附近。它们的低温荧光发射光谱亦很相似,其荧光发射峰都位于６８５ｎｍ处。因此它们都属于光系统Ⅱ叶绿素ａ蛋白复合体．跟传统电泳相比,该系统对光系统Ⅱ的分离能力提高了１．５倍。     

An endo-(1→3)-β-d-glucanase from the scallop Chlamys albidus: catalytic properties, cDNA cloning and secondary-structure characterization

An endo-(1→3)-β-d-glucanase (L₀) with molecular mass of 37 kDa was purified to homogeneity from the crystalline style of the scallop Chlamys albidus. The endo-(1→3)-β-d-glucanase was extremely thermolabile with a half-life of 10 min at 37 °C. L₀ hydrolyzed laminaran with K_m ∼ 0.75 mg/mL, and catalyzed effectively transglycosylation reactions with laminaran as donor and p-nitrophenyl β d-glucoside as acceptor (K_m ∼ 2 mg/mL for laminaran) and laminaran as donor and as acceptor (K_m ∼ 5 mg/mL) yielding p-nitrophenyl β d-glucooligosaccharides (n = 2-6) and high-molecular branching (1→3),(1→6)-β-d-glucans, respectively. Efficiency of hydrolysis and transglycosylation processes depended on the substrate structure and decreased appreciably with the increase of the percentage of β-(1→6)-glycosidic bonds, and laminaran with 10% of β-(1→6)-glycosidic bonds was the optimal substrate for both reactions. The CD spectrum of L₀ was characteristic for a protein with prevailing β secondary-structural elements. Binding L₀ with d-glucose as the best acceptor for transglycosylation was investigated by the methods of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and CD. Glucose in concentration sufficient to saturate the enzyme binding sites resulted in a red shift in the maximum of fluorescence emission of 1-1.5 nm and quenching the Trp fluorescence up to 50%. An apparent association constant of L₀ with glucose (K_a = 7.4 × 10⁵ ± 1.1 × 10⁵ M⁻¹) and stoichiometry (n = 13.3 ± 0.7) was calculated. The cDNA encoding L₀ was sequenced, and the enzyme was classified in glycoside hydrolases family 16 on the basis of the amino acid sequence similarity.