Spatiotemporal distribution of fruitbodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi in an Abies firma forest

 Spatial associations between ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and their presumed host trees, and spatiotemporal associations among ECM fungi were surveyed for 3 years in an Abies firma-dominated forest in central Japan. A total of 39 species in 13 genera of ECM fungi were recorded, with more species in the Russulaceae than any other family. Russula ochroleuca, Russula sp.1 and Strobilomyces confusus tended to produce their fruitbodies on the forest floor directly under the crown of A. firma, whereas those of Inocybe cincinnata, Gomphus floccosus and G. fujisanensis were aggregated in limited areas outside the A. firma crown. Interspecific spatial associations were analysed for Russula sp.1, which was the most dominant species, and three other frequent species, I. cincinnata, S. confusus and R. ochroleuca. Pairwise, Russula sp.1 with I. cincinnata, with S. confusus or with R. ochroleuca showed an association which was exclusive, overlapping or independent, respectively. Fruiting phenologies differed in that S. confusus showed a peak density in the summer, whereas the other three species peaked in the autumn. These results suggest that the formation of ECM fruitbodies can be partitioned among the species both spatially and temporally. Accepted: 7 July 1998     

Wood anatomy and carbon‐isotope discrimination support long‐term hydraulic deterioration as a major cause of drought‐induced dieback

Hydraulic impairment due to xylem embolism and carbon starvation are the two proposed mechanisms explaining drought‐induced forest dieback and tree death. Here, we evaluate the relative role played by these two mechanisms in the long‐term by quantifying wood‐anatomical traits (tracheid size and area of parenchyma rays) and estimating the intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE) from carbon isotopic discrimination. We selected silver fir and Scots pine stands in NE Spain with ongoing dieback processes and compared trees showing contrasting vigour (declining vs nondeclining trees). In both species earlywood tracheids in declining trees showed smaller lumen area with thicker cell wall, inducing a lower theoretical hydraulic conductivity. Parenchyma ray area was similar between the two vigour classes. Wet spring and summer conditions promoted the formation of larger lumen areas, particularly in the case of nondeclining trees. Declining silver firs presented a lower iWUE than conspecific nondeclining trees, but the reverse pattern was observed in Scots pine. The described patterns in wood anatomical traits and iWUE are coherent with a long‐lasting deterioration of the hydraulic system in declining trees prior to their dieback. Retrospective quantifications of lumen area permit to forecast dieback in declining trees 2–5 decades before growth decline started. Wood anatomical traits provide a robust tool to reconstruct the long‐term capacity of trees to withstand drought‐induced dieback.     

Allelic sequence polymorphisms in the intron region of the nuclear-encoded GapC gene preceded the speciation of three closely related Abies species (Pinaceae)

The DNA sequences of GapC intron 8 were determined for three closely related Abies species, Abies firma, Abies homolepis and Abies veitchii, and ten alleles were identified. Although, in most cases, an allele was specifically detected in one species, some rare alleles were found in two species. The phylogenetic analysis of those alleles showed that they trace back to different ancestral sequences, and that a species possessed the different originated alleles. The polymorphism of the GapC gene observed in the three Abies species seemed to have preceded their evolutionary divergence. Received: 1 February 2000 / Accepted: 10 May 2000     

川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中岷江冷杉天然更新状况及其影响因子

在川西亚高山米亚罗林区海拔3 100~3 600 m阴坡、半阴坡, 以立地条件基本一致的箭竹和藓类林型不同恢复阶段(20~40 a生的箭竹阔叶林、50 a生的箭竹针阔混交林、160~200 a生的箭竹原始暗针叶老龄林; 20~40 a生的藓类阔叶林、50 a生的藓类针阔混交林、160~200 a生的藓类原始暗针叶老龄林)的群落为研究对象, 共设置了50个样方(20 m×20 m), 采用空间代时间的方法分析了岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)的天然更新状况, 并采用通径分析法对其影响因子进行分析。结果表明: 箭竹和藓类两种森林类型岷江冷杉幼苗、幼树和小树的密度偏低。对于箭竹林型不同恢复阶段, 岷江冷杉幼苗密度＜幼树密度＜小树密度; 对于藓类林型不同恢复阶段, 藓类阔叶林幼树密度大于幼苗和小树密度, 藓类针阔混交林小树密度大于幼苗和幼树密度, 而藓类原始暗针叶老龄林幼苗密度大于幼树和小树密度。藓类林型岷江冷杉天然更新状况好于箭竹林型。对箭竹林型而言, 影响岷江冷杉天然更新的关键因子为母树密度、倒木蓄积量、箭竹盖度和苔藓层厚度, 其中母树密度和倒木蓄积量对岷江冷杉天然更新起着促进作用, 箭竹盖度和苔藓层厚度对岷江冷杉天然更新起着阻碍作用; 对于藓类林型而言, 影响岷江冷杉天然更新的关键因子为灌木盖度和苔藓层厚度。灌木和苔藓有利于幼苗的发生, 但不利于幼苗向幼树、小树的过渡。     

濒危植物秦岭冷杉群落数量特征及其动态

对石人山自然保护区秦岭冷杉群落特征和动态进行了研究,结果表明:秦岭冷杉群落共有种子植物61种,分属27科40属,群落垂直结构简单,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层。秦岭冷杉和华山松种群大、中胸径的个体占绝对优势,幼苗、幼树较少,属于衰退种群;湖北花楸小、中胸径的个体占优势,属于进展种群。通过聚类分析,将秦岭冷杉群落分为5个群丛类型:①秦岭冷杉 湖北花楸-山刺玫-结缕草群丛;②秦岭冷杉 华山松-秀雅杜鹃-藜芦群丛;③秦岭冷杉 血皮槭-黄刺玫-野菊群丛;④秦岭冷杉 华山松-箭竹-牛蒡群丛;⑤秦岭冷杉 锐齿栎-箭竹-水芹群丛。5个群丛类型均处于动态变化中,种群恢复应实行就地保护,减少人为干扰,促进天然更新。     

Community characteristics and population structure of dominant species of Abies fargesii forests in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve

In this paper, the community composition of Abies fargesii and the population structure of dominant species in this community were studied using a sampling plot method. The research plot was located in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China. Results showed that the appearance of the community was characterized by evergreen phanerophytes with microphyllous (or mesophyllous), coriaceous and single leaves. The vertical structure of the community can be clearly divided into 4 layers: arbor layer, shrub layer, herb layer and developed moss layer. Abies fargesii population was a developing population as there were more seedlings and young trees than old trees. Saplings were found more frequently in gaps than under the close canopy, which indicated a pattern of gap regeneration. The height structure of Abies fargesii population presented a reversed pyramid shape. Crown size structure of the population showed a typical reversed J shape. The relation between crown size and DBH (diameter at breast height) was closer than that between crown size and height.     

川西山地主要人工林种群根系生物量与生产力

采用标准地法,对四川西部山地主要人工林的根系进行了研究,结果表明(1)用D2H估测单株林木根系生物量的适合模型均以幂函数模型为最佳,所筛选统计模型的相关系数较高,在0.94～0.99之间;(2)根系总生物量大小排序为日本落叶松＞峨眉冷杉＞四川红杉＞川西云杉,分别为37.832、24.907、18.320t/hm2和15.982 t/hm2,各级根的生物量占总根量的比例各不相同;(3)根系生物量集中在分布土层0.00～40.00cm,川西云杉占97.88%,四川红杉占96.78%,峨眉冷杉占95.65%,日本落叶松占99.72%;尤其在0.00～20.00cm土层分布的根最多,分别占77.13%,77.13%,65.02%和80.66%;在0.00～20.00cm,20.00～40.00cm和40.00～60.00cm的各层根系生物量分配比例,川西云杉为34121,四川红杉为2461,峨眉冷杉为1571,日本落叶松为63141;(4)川西云杉、四川红杉、峨眉冷杉和日本落叶松人工林种群根系的生物量密度分别为10.782t/(hm2·m),8.230t/(hm2·m),14.546 t/(hm2·m)和13.211 t/(hm2·m);(5)川西云杉、四川红杉、峨眉冷杉和日本落叶松人工林种群根系生产力分别为0.57、0.83、0.71 t/(hm2·a)和1.64 t/(hm2·a).     

温室栽培光强和光质对高山红景天生物量和红景天甙含量的影响

为探讨光强及光质对高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis)生物量和红景天甙含量的影响。于2000年4月至6月在东北林业大学温室内以移栽于大兴安岭加格达奇圃地人工种植生长3a的高山红景天为材料,通过纱布遮荫及遮以不同颜色的滤光膜分别进行了光强、光质控制实验(处理45d)。随着光强的降低,高山红景天全株生物量、根生物量、根的红景天甙含量和产量以及叶中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素的含量均有降低的趋势,但叶绿素含量变化很小,不同光强及对照之间的差异均未达到显著水平。相对光强为67．75％和44．71％的两种处理下的全株生物量、根生物量、根的红景天甙含量和产量差异不显著,它们的全株生物量和红景天甙含量与对照(全光照)的差异也不显著,但根生物量和红景天甙产量与对照的差异显著。当相对光强减弱至31．96％,全株生物量、根生物量、根的红景天甙含量和产量均大幅度下降,根冠比显著增加。4种滤光膜处理均使高山红景天的全株生物量及根生物量显著降低,蓝膜和绿膜处理的降低幅度大于红膜和黄膜处理的。红膜处理的红景天甙的含量和产量均高于对照,但黄膜、蓝膜和绿膜处理的红景天甙含量和产量则低于对照。通过计算去除4种滤光膜的光强因素,仅从光质的作用看。4种滤光膜处理仍是减小了全株生物量和根生物量,红膜和绿膜处理提高了红景天甙的含量和产量,而黄膜处理降低了红景天甙的含量和产量,蓝膜处理几乎没有效果。4种滤光膜处理均使叶绿素含量增加,但只有蓝膜处理的与对照差异显著。红膜处理不仅显著提高根中红景天甙的含量(为对照的3．42倍),而且对根生物量的影响较小(为对照的90．24％)。因而提高了高山红景天根的红景天甙产量,这意味着在生产上可能会有一定的实践意义。     

超临界CO2萃取红景天中红景天苷、苷元酪醇的研究

采用超临界CO₂ 萃取法和乙醇常温浸提法相比较, 研究从红景天中提取红景天苷、苷元酪醇的工艺条件, 结论是:采用超临界CO₂ 萃取法能萃取出红景天生药中红景天苷的1.2%, 提取率不高, 但该方法能萃取出80%的苷元酪醇, 萃取液中苷元酪醇的相对含量可达45.68%;乙醇常温浸提法能将红景天苷、苷元酪醇同时有效萃取, 且得率较高, 但是萃取液中两物质相对含量较低, 进一步分离纯化将有难度。本研究结果表明, 将超临界CO₂ 萃取法和乙醇常温浸提法有效结合, 可实现两物质的有效分离, 推进红景天有效成分的产业化进程。     

Tree dynamics and co‐existence in the montane–sub‐alpine ecotone: the role of different light‐induced strategies

Questions: Is light availability the main factor driving forest dynamics in Pyrenean sub‐alpine forests? Do pines and firs differ in growth, mortality and morphological response to low light availability? Can differences in shade tolerance affect predictions of future biome changes in Pyrenean sub‐alpine forests in the absence of thermal limitation? Location: Montane–sub‐alpine ecotones of the Eastern Pyrenees (NE Spain). Methods: We evaluated morphological plasticity, survival and growth response of saplings of Scots pine, mountain pine and silver fir to light availability in a mixed forest ecotone. For each species, we selected 100 living and 50 dead saplings and measured size, crown morphology and light availability. A wood disk at root collar was then removed for every sapling, and models relating growth and mortality to light were obtained. Results: Fir had the lowest mortality rate (<0.1) for any given light condition. Pines had comparable responses to light availability, although in deep shade Scots pine risked higher mortality (0.35) than mountain pine (0.19). Pines and fir developed opposing strategies to light deprivation: fir employed a conservative strategy based on sacrificing height growth, whereas pines enhanced height growth to escape from shade, but at the expense of higher mortality risk. Scots pine showed higher plasticity than mountain pine for all architectural and morphological traits analysed, having higher adaptive capacity to a changing environment. Conclusions: Our results support the prediction of future biome changes in Pyrenean sub‐alpine forests as silver fir and Scots pine may find appropriate conditions for colonizing mountain pine‐dominated stands due to land‐use change‐related forest densification and climate warming‐related temperature increases, respectively.