Evolutionary history of the conifer root rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato

We investigated two hypotheses for the origin of the root rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum species complex: (i) that geology has been an important factor for the speciation (ii) that co-evolutionary processes with the hosts drove the divergence of the pathogen species. The H. annosum species complex consists of five species: three occur in Europe, H. annosum s.s., Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion abietinum, and two in North America, Heterobasidion irregulare and Heterobasidion occidentale; all with different but partially overlapping host preferences. The evolution of the H. annosum species complex was studied using six partially sequenced genes, between 10 and 30 individuals of each species were analysed. Neighbour-joining trees were constructed for each gene, and a Bayesian tree was built for the combined data set. In addition, haplotype networks were constructed to illustrate the species relationships. For three of the genes, H. parviporum and H. abietinum share haplotypes supporting recent divergence and/or possible gene flow. We propose that the H. annosum species complex originated in Laurasia and that the H. annosum s.s./H. irregulare and H. parviporum/H. abietinum/H. occidentale ancestral species emerged between 45 and 60 Ma in the Palaearctic, well after the radiation of the host genera. Our data imply that H. irregulare and H. occidentale were colonizing North America via different routes. In conclusion, plate tectonics are likely to have been the main factor influencing Heterobasidion speciation and biogeography.     

西藏冷杉原始林群落物种多样性初步研究

物种多样性是反映植物群落内各物种在组成、结构和动态方面存在差异程度的指标。随着植物群落结构、功能和所处环境因子的变化 ,群落内物种多样性也随之发生变化。根据物种多样性指标 (多样性、丰富度、均匀度指数等 )的变化特征 ,能够深入揭示植物群落的环境变化梯度和结构变化、功能演化的趋势。通常应用α多样性和 β多样性来分别测度群落内和群落间物种多样性的变化特点[2 ,3 ] ,并取得了一批成果[4 ,7,10 ,13 ] ,同时在种群生态位、种间联结、种间竞争等理论研究方面也得到广泛应用[1,8,11] 。西藏自治区是青藏高原的主体 ,藏东南(林芝…     

栲树天然群体遗传结构的RAPD分析

利用RAPD分子标记对5个栲树(Castanopsis fargesii Franch.) 天然群体共计188个个体的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构进行了分析.41个随机寡核苷酸引物共检测到385个位点,其中多态位点157个,占40.78%.物种水平的Shannon多样性指数I=0.459 7,Nei基因多样度h=0.296.遗传变异分析表明,栲树群体的遗传变异主要存在于群体内,利用Shannon多样性指数估算的分化(Hsp-Hpop)/Hsp=0.047 6,遗传分化系数Gst =0.042 9,分子方差分析(AMOVA)也证实了这一结论,群体内的变异组分占了94.97%,群体间变异只占5.03%.AMOVA分析结果的显著性检验也表明,群体间及群体内个体间均呈现出显著分化(P<0.001).     

龙眼独活中的一个新二萜成分

从四川产木属(Aralia)草本植物龙眼独活(Aralia fargesii Franch.)根茎的石油醚提取部分分离得到4个二萜化合物,根据理化性质测定和各种光谱(IR、EI-MS、HREI-MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR和HMQC)数据分析,它们的结构分别鉴定为17-acetoxy-16α-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (1), ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (2), 16α-hydroxy-(-)-kauran-19-oic acid (3) 和16α-17-dihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (4).化合物1为新化合物,3为首次从该属植物中分离得到,2～4为首次从龙眼独活中分离得到.     

Population genetics analysis in a relic population of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in southern Italy: A comparison with microsatellites and reference data

We investigated the genetic diversity of the last natural population of Abies alba Mill. in Campania region (southern Italy) using nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers. We found high genetic diversity despite small population size and geographic isolation, especially when comparing our microsatellite data with information from the literature.     

Risk of genetic maladaptation due to climate change in three major European tree species

Tree populations usually show adaptations to their local environments as a result of natural selection. As climates change, populations can become locally maladapted and decline in fitness. Evaluating the expected degree of genetic maladaptation due to climate change will allow forest managers to assess forest vulnerability, and develop strategies to preserve forest health and productivity. We studied potential genetic maladaptation to future climates in three major European tree species, Norway spruce (Picea abies), silver fir (Abies alba), and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). A common garden experiment was conducted to evaluate the quantitative genetic variation in growth and phenology of seedlings from 77 to 92 native populations of each species from across Switzerland. We used multivariate genecological models to associate population variation with past seed source climates, and to estimate relative risk of maladaptation to current and future climates based on key phenotypic traits and three regional climate projections within the A1B scenario. Current risks from climate change were similar to average risks from current seed transfer practices. For all three climate models, future risks increased in spruce and beech until the end of the century, but remained low in fir. Largest average risks associated with climate projections for the period 2061–2090 were found for spruce seedling height (0.64), and for beech bud break and leaf senescence (0.52 and 0.46). Future risks for spruce were high across Switzerland. However, areas of high risk were also found in drought‐prone regions for beech and in the southern Alps for fir. Genetic maladaptation to future climates is likely to become a problem for spruce and beech by the end of this century, but probably not for fir. Consequently, forest management strategies should be adjusted in the study area for spruce and beech to maintain productive and healthy forests in the future.     

Genetic variation in Tertiary relics: The case of eastern‐Mediterranean Abies (Pinaceae)

The eastern‐Mediterranean Abies taxa, which include both widely distributed species and taxa with minuscule ranges, represent a good model to study the impacts of range size and fragmentation on the levels of genetic diversity and differentiation. To assess the patterns of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among eastern‐Mediterranean Abies taxa, genetic variation was assessed by eight nuclear microsatellite loci in 52 populations of Abies taxa with a focus on those distributed in Turkey and the Caucasus. Both at the population and the taxon level, the subspecies or regional populations of Abies nordmanniana s.l. exhibited generally higher allelic richness, private allelic richness, and expected heterozygosity compared with Abies cilicica s.l. Results of both the Structure analysis and distance‐based approaches showed a strong differentiation of the two A. cilicica subspecies from the rest as well as from each other, whereas the subspecies of A. nordmanniana were distinct but less differentiated. ABC simulations were run for a set of scenarios of phylogeny and past demographic changes. For A. ×olcayana, the simulation gave a poor support for the hypothesis of being a taxon resulting from a past hybridization, the same is true for Abies equi‐trojani: both they represent evolutionary branches of Abies bornmuelleriana.     

贡嘎山雅家埂峨眉冷杉林线种群的时空动态

通过对贡嘎山雅家埂峨眉冷杉种群林线附近6个3000 m2样地(阴阳坡各3个)中峨眉冷杉(Abies fabri Craib)种群的定位调查,分析了过去100a间该区峨眉冷杉种群的时间-空间动态。结果表明:1)雅家埂林线附近峨眉冷杉种群密度在过去100 a(主要是近50 a)有显著的升高,但树线的海拔位置并无明显的爬升;2)阴阳坡林线格局存在显著的坡向分异:阴坡林线和树线的海拔高度显著高于阳坡(分别比阳坡高152.5 m和135.8 m),阳坡林线附近峨眉冷杉早期的生长速率在大于阴坡,但后期的生长速率却低于阴坡;3)热量(温度)控制假说不能完全解释雅家埂目前的树线格局,除气候因素之外,其它因素也限制了雅家梗地区树线位置的变化。     

川西贡嘎山峨眉冷杉成熟林生态系统CO2通量特征

成熟森林的碳收支对陆地生态系统碳循环研究具有重要意义。目前,我国关于西南亚高山暗针叶林成熟林碳通量的研究还相对较少,尚不明确对碳循环的作用。以涡度相关技术为基础,对川西贡嘎山东坡峨眉冷杉成熟林生态系统尺度的CO_2通量进行长期定位观测。利用2015年6月至2016年5月观测数据,分析了峨眉冷杉成熟林净生态系统CO_2交换量(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(Re)和总生态系统生产力(GPP)的季节变异特征及其源汇状况,并结合环境因子,分析CO_2通量的主要控制因子。结果表明:(1)峨眉冷杉成熟林NEE具有明显的日变化特征,呈现"U"形变化,白天为负值,夜间为正值,中午前后CO_2通量达到最大;各月间日平均NEE变化差异显著,NEE峰值最大出现在2015年6月(-0.64 mg CO_2m~(-2)s~(-1)),峰值最小出现在2016年1月(-0.08 mg CO_2m~(-2)s~(-1));日平均NEE由正值变为负值的时间夏季最早,冬季最晚,NEE由负值变为正值的时间冬季最早,夏季最晚。(2)峨眉冷杉成熟林NEE、Re和GPP具有明显的月变化。2015年6月和12月NEE分别达到最大值(-46.02 g C m~(-2)月~(-1))和最小值(-1.42 g C m~(-2)月~(-1));Re呈现单峰变化,最大和最小值分别出现在2015年6月(84.78 g C m~(-2)月~(-1))和2016年1月(12.82 g C m~(-2)月~(-1));GPP最大值和最小值分别出现在2015年6月(130.81 g C m~(-2)月~(-1))与2016年1月(16.15 g C m~(-2)月~(-1))。(3)空气温度(T_a)、5 cm土壤温度(T_(s5))和光合有效辐射(PAR)是影响峨眉冷杉成熟林CO_2通量的主要环境因子。T_a与CO_2通量呈指数相关(R~2=0.5283,P0.01);白天CO_2通量与PAR显著相关(R~2=0.4373,P0.01);夜晚CO_2通量与T_(s5)显著相关(R~2=0.4717,P0.01)。(4)全年NEE、Re和GPP分别为-241.87、564.81 g C m~(-2)和806.68 g C m~(-2),表明川西贡嘎山峨眉冷杉成熟林具有较强的碳汇功能。     

四川卧龙亚高山林线生态交错带群落的种多度关系

以盖度作为物种多度指标,用描述物种多度分布的模型：断棍分布、几体级数分布、对数级数分布和截尾对数正态分布研究了卧龙巴郎山岷江冷棚林线交错带附近草本群落的种－－我镀分布关系。结果表明,截尾对数正态分布和对数级数分布能较好地拟合交错带附近群落的种－多度分布,截尾对数正态分布模型更适合交错带群落,对数级数分布 较好地适合亚高山草甸群落。对数级数分布的参数α和对数正态分布的参数λ是反映群落结构特征内在性质