UDP-Gal: <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-acetylglucosamine β 1–4 galactosyltransferase expressing live attenuated parasites as vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis

As compared to cutaneous leishmaniasis, vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has received limited attention. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that an UDP-Galactose: N-acetylglucosamine β 1–4 galactosyltransferase (GenBank Accession No. EF159943) expressing attenuated LD clonal population (A-LD) is able to confer protection against the experimental challenge with the virulent LD AG83 parasite. A-LD was also effective in established leishmania infection. The vaccinated animals showed both cell mediated (in vitro T-cell proliferation, and DTH response) and humoral responses (Th1 type). These results demonstrate the potential of the attenuated clones as an immunotherapeutic and immunoprophylactic agent against visceral leishmaniasis.     

The structure of 180° supernumerary limbs and a hypothesis of their formation

The results of a detailed analysis of 100 supernumerary limbs generated by 180° ipsilateral rotation (on the same limb stump) of regeneration blastemas is presented. The limbs were analyzed in terms of their position of origin, frequency, cartilage structure by Victoria blue staining, and muscle structure by serial sections. Single, double, or triple supernumeraries can be produced at no unique position of origin, although the posterodorsal quadrant was preferred. Four classes of supernumerary limbs were generated by such operations—normal; double dorsal or double ventral; part normal/part mirror imaged; part normal/part inverted in approximately equal frequencies. After amputation of these supernumeraries the same muscle patterns are faithfully regenerated. A hypothesis to explain the production of these abnormal limbs is proposed based on the observed phenomenon of fusion of supernumerary blastemata, but their regenerative behaviour presents problems for current models of pattern formation. Similar results have been obtained with developing limb buds and the relation between development and regeneration is discussed.     

Plasmid-coded degradation of ethylbenzene and 1-phenylethanol in Pseudomonas fluorescens

Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens EB carries genes for the catabolism of ethylbenzene and 1-phenylethanol on a plasmid. The size of the plasmid as measured by analysis of agarose electrophoresis gels after restriction endonuclease hydrolysis, was 253–267 kb. By treatment with Mitomycin C, mutants of EB strain were obtained bearing a plasmid which had undergone an extensive deletion of about 80 kb. These mutants have lost the ability to grow on ethylbenzene and 1-phenylethanol as well as to synthesize meta-cleavage enzymes.     

An Aphid-Secreted Salivary Protease Activates Plant Defense in Phloem

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Origin of bombesin-like peptides in human fetal lung

Four different forms of bombesin-like immunoreactive peaks were detected in extracts of human fetal lung by the use of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Peaks I, II, III and IV, (increasing retention time), were eluted using a 14-38% of acetonitrile gradient containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Peak II was the major material found in the extract of human fetal lung obtained at 16-20 weeks gestation. None of the four compounds contained in the eluted peaks had the same retention time as amphibian bombesin or porcine gastrin releasing peptide (GRP). On reversed-phase HPLC using two different solvent systems TFA or heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) as a hydrophobic counter ion, and in gel filtration chromatography, the chromatographic behavior of the main peak (peak II) was the same as that of the carboxyl terminal fragments of GRP, GRP18-27 or GRP19-27. This suggested that the peptide(s) in peak II resembled in composition the carboxy terminal 9 or 10 amino acids of porcine GRP. Following tryptic digestion the material in peak IV was converted to the more polar compound present in peak II. Two other peptide peaks were eluted close to peak II and these were presumed to be a modification of this main peak. One of the possible biosynthetic steps in the formation of bombesin-like peptides in human fetal lung could be a tryptic conversion of a less polar peptide to a more polar form (peak IV to II).     

Abundance of mRNAs encoding HMG1/HMG2 class high-mobility-group DNA-binding proteins are differentially regulated in cotyledons of Pharbitis nil

The abundance of an mRNA encoding an HMG1/2 protein from Pharbitis nil (HMG1) has been previously shown to be regulated by light and an endogenous rhythm in cotyledons. A second Pharbitis nil HMG cDNA (HMG2) was characterized. The sequence of HMG2 was 82% and 86% identical to HMG1 at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. As with HMG1, HMG2 mRNA was detected in all vegetative tissues and was most abundant in roots. However, unlike HMG1, HMG2 mRNA abundance did not increase upon transfer of cotyledons to darkness and did not exhibit regulation by an endogenous circadian rhythm when maintained in continuous darkness over a 68 h period. Similarly, while the abundance of HMG1 mRNA during a dark period that induced photoperiodically controlled flowering was dramatically affected by brief light exposure (night break), this treatment had no effect on HMG2 mRNA abundance. Collectively, these data are consistent with a role of HMG1 in contributing to the circadian-regulated and/or dark-regulated gene expression with constitutive expression of HMG2 playing a housekeeping role in the general regulation of gene expression in Pharbitis nil cotyledons.     

Sample preparation and high-resolution separation of mycotoxins possessing carboxyl groups

The chromatographic analysis of carboxyl-containing mycotoxins, such as fumonisin B₁, ochratoxin A, and citrinin, presents a continual challenge. Toxins must first be extracted from foods or tissues and then cleaned up before chromatographic separation and detection. Liquid–liquid extraction efficiencies for some carboxylic mycotoxins are marginal for spiked samples and uncertain for incurred residues. Immunoaffinity columns may be useful for concentrating mycotoxins from samples before chromatography. In almost every case, more than one analytical method must be used to confirm the identification of the mycotoxin. The fumonisins are especially troublesome to analyze because they are relatively insoluble in organic solvents, they are not separated easily by gas chromatography, and they do not respond to the usual absorbance or fluorescence detectors used in liquid chromatography. Fluorescence derivatization and electrospray liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry have now made it possible to detect trace levels of mycotoxins. The purity of mycotoxin standards for toxicological studies can be determined by liquid chromatography with either an evaporative light scattering detector or electrospray mass spectrometer. New developments in capillary electrophoresis, nonporous microsphere liquid chromatography, and detection methods for low-volatility compounds show promise for improving the analysis of mycotoxins in the future.