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971.
The long arm of chromosome 4D of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) contains a gene (or genes) which influences the ability of wheat plants to discriminate between Na+ and K+. This discrimination most obviously affects transport from the roots to the shoots, in which less Na+ and more K+ accumulate in those plants which contain the long arm of chromosome 4D. Concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the roots, and Cl− concentrations in the roots and shoots, are not significantly affected by this trait, but Na+, K+ and Cl− contents of the grain are reduced. The trait operates over a wide range of salinities and appears to be constitutive. At
the moment it is not possible to determine accurately the effect of this trait on growth or grain yield because the aneuploid
lines which are available are much less vigorous and less fertile than their euploid parents. 相似文献
972.
Summary In tip-growingChara rhizoids, the in-vivo saltatory movements of Golgi vesicles were recorded. The movements in radial direction back and forth between the ER aggregate and the plasma membrane occurred three times more often than movements passing the ER aggregate tangentially. The mean velocity of the class of Golgi vesicles observed (0.4–1 m in diameter) was approx. 0.3 m/s. Higher speed of 1–1.5 m/s occurred only in radial directions. Possibly, the ER aggregate is involved in guidance of the Golgi vesicles.Abbreviations DIC
differential interference contrast
- ER
endoplasmic reticulum
- OsFeCN
osmium tetroxide-potassium ferricyanide
Dedicated to the memory of Professor O. Kiermayer 相似文献
973.
We studied the effects of various polyamines on bud regeneration in thin-layer tissue explants of vegetative and floweringNicotiana tabacum L. cv. Wisconsin 38, in which application of exogenous spermidine (Spd) to vegetative cultures causes the initiation and
development of some flower buds (Kaur-Sawhney et al. 1988 Planta173, 282). We now show that this effect is dependent on the time and duration of application, Spd being required from the start
of the cultures for about three weeks. Neither putrescine nor spermine is effective in the concentration range tested. Spermidine
cannot replace kinetin (N6-furfurylaminopurine) in cultures at the time of floral bud formation, but once the buds are initiated in the presence of
kinetin, addition of Spd to the medium greatly increases the number of floral buds that develop into normal flowers. Addition
of Spd to similar cultures derived from young, non-flowering plants did not cause the appearance of floral buds but rather
induced a profusion of vegetative buds. These results indicate a morphogenetic role of Spd in bud differentiation.
Dedicated to Professor Hans Mohr on the occasion of his 60th birthday 相似文献
974.
λ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase in higher plants: catalytic properties and subcellular localization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
λ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase activity (EC 6.3.2.2) was analysed in Sephacryl S-200 eluents of extracts from cell suspension
cultures ofNicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun by determination of λ-glutamylcysteine as its monobromobimane derivative. The enzyme has a relative molecular
mass (Mr) of 60000 and exhibits maximal activity at pH 8 (50% at pH 7.0 and pH9.0) and an absolute requirement for Mg2+. With 0.2mM Cd2+ or Zn2+, enzyme activity was reduced by 35% and 19%, respectively. Treatment with 5 mM dithioerythritol led to a heavy loss of activity
and to dissociation into subunits (Mr 34000). Buthionine sulfoximine andl-methionine-sulfoximine, known as potent inhibitors of λ-glutamylcysteine synthetase from mammalian cells, were found to be
effective inhibitors of the plant enzyme too. The apparent Km values forl-glutamate,l-cysteine, and α-aminobutyrate were, respectively, 10.4mM, 0.19 mM, and 6.36 mM. The enzyme was completely inhibited by glutathione
(Ki=0.42 mM). The data indicate that the rate of glutathione synthesis in vivo may be influenced substantially by the concentration
of cysteine and glutamate and may be further regulated by feedback inhibition of λ-glutamylcysteine synthetase by glutathione
itself. λ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase is, like glutathione synthetase, localized in chloroplasts as well as in the cytoplasm.
Chloroplasts fromPisum sativum L. isolated on a Percoll gradient contained about 72% of the λ-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity in leaf cells and 48%
of the total glutathione synthetase activity. In chloroplasts ofSpinacia oleracea L. about 61% of the total λ-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity of the cells were found and 58% of the total glutathione
synthetase activity. These results indicate that glutathione synthesis can take place in at least two compartments of the
plant cell.
Dedicated to Professor A. Prison on the occasion of his 80th birthday 相似文献
975.
Nitrogen-starved sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Peredovic) cannot absorb NO
3
–
or NO
2
–
upon initial exposure to these anions. Ability of the plants to take up NO
3
–
and NO
2
–
at high rates from the beginning was induced by a pretreatment with NO
3
–
. Nitrite also acted as inducer of the NO
2
–
-uptake system. The presence of cycloheximide during NO
3
–
-pretreatment prevented the subsequent uptake of NO
3
–
and NO
2
–
, indicating that both uptake systems are synthesized de novo when plants are exposed to NO
3
–
. Cycloheximide also suppressed nitrate-reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) and nitrite-reductase (EC 1.7.7.1) activities in the roots. The sulfhydryl-group reagent N-ethylmaleimide greatly inhibited the uptake of NO
3
–
and NO
2
–
. Likewise, N-ethylmaleimide promoted in vivo the inactivation of nitrate reductase without affecting nitrite-reductase activity. Rates of NO
3
–
and NO
2
–
uptake as a function of external anion concentration exhibited saturation kinetics. The calculated Km values for NO
3
–
and NO
2
–
uptake were 45 and 23 M, respectively. Rates of NO
3
–
uptake were four to six times higher than NO
3
–
-reduction rates in roots. In contrast, NO
2
–
-uptake rates, found to be very similar to NO
3
–
-uptake rates, were much lower (about 30 times) than NO
2
–
-reduction rates. Removal of oxygen from the external solution drastically suppressed NO
3
–
and NO
2
–
uptake without affecting their reduction. Uptake and reduction were also differentially affected by pH. The results demonstrate that uptake of NO
3
–
and NO
2
–
into sunflower plants is mediated by energy-dependent inducible-transport systems distinguishable from the respective enzymatic reducing systems.Abbreviations CHI
cycloheximide
- NEM
N-ethylmaleimide
- NiR
nitrite reductase
- NR
nitrate reductase
-
pHME
p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
This research was supported by grant PB86-0232 from the Dirección General de Investigatión Científica y Técnica (Spain). One of us (E.A.) thanks the Consejeria de Educación y Ciencia de la Junta de Andalucia for the tenure of a fellowship. We thank Miss G. Alcalá and Miss C. Santos for their valuable technical and secretarial assistance. 相似文献
976.
The pericarp of the dormant sugarbeet fruit acts as a storage reservoir for nitrate, ammonium and -amino-N. These N-reserves enable an autonomous development of the seedling for 8–10 d after imbibition. The nitrate content of the seed (1% of the whole fruit) probably induces nitrate-reductase activity in the embryo enclosed in the pericarp. Nitrate that leaks out of the pericarp is reabsorbed by the emerging radicle. Seedlings germinated from seeds (pericarp was removed) without external N-supply are able to take up nitrate immediately upon exposure via a low-capacity uptake system (vmax = 0.8 mol NO
3
-
·(g root FW)–1·h–1; Ks = 0.12 mM). We assume that this uptake system is induced by the seed nitrate (10 nmol/seed) during germination. Induction of a high-capacity nitrate-uptake system (vmax = 3.4 mol NO
3
-
·(g root FW)–1·h–1; Ks = 0.08 mM) by externally supplied nitrate occurs after a 20-min lag and requires protein synthesis. Seedlings germinated from whole fruits absorb nitrate via a highcapacity uptake mechanism induced by the pericarp nitrate (748 nmol/pericarp) during germination. The uptake rates of the high-capacity system depend only on the actual nitrate concentration of the uptake medium and not on prior nitrate pretreatments. Nitrate deprivation results in a decline of the nitrate-uptake capacity (t1/2 of vmax = 5 d) probably caused by the decay of carrier molecules. Small differences in Ks but significant differences in vmax indicate that the low- and high-capacity nitrate-uptake systems differ only in the number of identical carrier molecules.Abbreviations NR
nitrate reductase
-
pFPA
para-fluorophenylalanine
This work was supported by a grant from Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie and by Kleinwanzlebener Saatzucht AG, Einbeck. 相似文献
977.
Nodules of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Vita 3:Bradyrhizobium CB 756) from 28-d-old plants cultured for 23 d with their root systems maintained in O2 levels from 1 to 80% (v/v, in N2) in the external gas phase showed a range of structural changes which have been interpreted in relation to an over- or under-supply
of O2. A response to the partial pressure of O2 in the gas phase (pO2) was noted with respect to nodule size, lenticel development, the relative distributions of cortical and infected central
tissue, the differentiation of cortex, especially the inner cortex, the frequency and size of infected and uninfected interstitial
cells, the volume of extracellular spaces both in cortex and infected tissue, and in the frequency of bacteroids. As a consequence
of these changes the surface area of inner cortex relative to the nitrogenase-containing units of fixing tissue (infected
cells or bacteroids) was increased by as much as 20-fold. Effectiveness of bacteroid functioning increased from 0.10 ± 0.02
· 10-9 μmol acetylene reduced per bacteroid in air-grown nodules to 0.9 ± 0.16 · 10-9 (same units) per bacteroid in those cultured in 1% O2.
This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Research Council (to C.A.A.) and an Australian International Development
Assistance Bureau postgraduate fellowship (to F.D.D.). The authors wish to thank Dr. W.F.C. Blumer for his considerable help
with morphometric analysis, Dr. J. Kuo for guidance in the use of histological techniques, and to Dr. J.S. Pate for the suggestion
that lenticel development might be quantified by surface staining of nodules. 相似文献
978.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase; EC 4.1.1.31) activity was found to be modulated by light and darkness when measured in the presence of K+, which had been added to induce swelling of guard-cell protoplasts (GCPs) from Vicia faba L., whereas no modulation was detected in the absence of K+ (PEPcase activity remained constant at 1.5±0.15 pmol PEP metabolized · GCP–1 ·h–1; subsequently, pmol GCP–1 ·h–1 will be used). The activity of PEPCase increased by 100% (from 1.5 to 3 pmol·protoplast–1·h–1) in darkness and by 200% (from 1.7 to 5 pmol·protoplast–1· h–1) in light and oscillations in activity of these magnitudes were repeated at intervals of 2 min (dark) and 2.5 min (light) for a period of 10 min during K+-induced increase in the volume of GCPs. The oscillations were reflected in changes in malate-pool sizes determined in plastids, mitochondria and the supernatant fraction (consisting of the cytosol and the vacuole). Malate probably functioned as a mitochondrial substrate, thus supplying ATP for K+ uptake and the swelling of the protoplasts. On the basis of the present paper and previous results (H. Schnabl and B. Michalke 1988, Life Sci. Adv. Plant Physiol. 7, 203–207) involving adenine nucleotidepool sizes in fractionated GCPs, a model is proposed to explain the cause-effect relationship between K+, PEPCase, the cytosolic and mitochondrial malate levels and ATP levels during the K+-induced increase of GCP volume.Abbreviations GCP
dtguard-cell protoplast
- PEP
phosphoenol-pyruvate
- PEPCase
PEP carboxylase
The authors thank Professor Hermann Schnabl, University of Stuttgart (FRG), for his assistance in applying the graph theory analysis. This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to H.S. 相似文献
979.
980.
Spatiotemporal patterns of expression of the cell-surface arabinogalactan-protein epitope defined by monoclonal antibody JIM4 (J.P. Knox et al., 1989, Development 106, 47–56) have been characterized by indirect immunofluorescence during the process of somatic embryogenesis in Daucus carota L. The JIM 4 epitope (J4e) occurred on cells established in culture from hypocotyl explants which appeared to derive, at least in part, from the epidermal cells of the hypocotyl. Cultures maintained in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid developed proembryogenic masses of which only infrequent cells at the surface expressed J4e. Sub-culture at a low cell density and withdrawl of the synthetic auxin resulted in an increase in J4e expression in most surface cells and most abundantly in surface layers of cells at the future shoot end of developing embryos. The transition to heart-shaped embryos occurred concurrently with the expression of J4e by groups of cells beneath the developing cotyledons, at the junction of the future root and shoot. At this stage, J4e was also expressed by a single well-defined layer of cells at the surface of the embryos. Advancement to the mature torpedo stage was accompanied by the expression of the epitope on cells forming two regions of the future stele and of cells associated with the cotyledonary provascular tissue characteristic of the carrot seedling. At this stage there was substantially less expression of the marker antigen by epidermal cells, although infrequent expression by isolated cells of the epidermis was maintained. The correlation of J4e expression with the development and distinction of plant tissue patterns during somatic embryogenesis indicates a role for plasma-membrane arabinogalactan proteins in these processes.Abbreviations AGP
arabinogalactan protein
- 2,4-D
2,4-di-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
- J4e
JIM 4 epitope
- PEM
proembryogenic mass
We thank Andrew Davis for photographic assistance and Roger Pennell for useful discussions. 相似文献