全文获取类型
收费全文 | 63236篇 |
免费 | 17987篇 |
国内免费 | 695篇 |
专业分类
81918篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 340篇 |
2022年 | 505篇 |
2021年 | 1017篇 |
2020年 | 3313篇 |
2019年 | 5024篇 |
2018年 | 5121篇 |
2017年 | 4920篇 |
2016年 | 4612篇 |
2015年 | 4576篇 |
2014年 | 5064篇 |
2013年 | 5753篇 |
2012年 | 4539篇 |
2011年 | 5053篇 |
2010年 | 4185篇 |
2009年 | 3222篇 |
2008年 | 3421篇 |
2007年 | 2897篇 |
2006年 | 2749篇 |
2005年 | 2361篇 |
2004年 | 1935篇 |
2003年 | 1907篇 |
2002年 | 1620篇 |
2001年 | 1193篇 |
2000年 | 691篇 |
1999年 | 554篇 |
1998年 | 323篇 |
1997年 | 268篇 |
1996年 | 311篇 |
1995年 | 258篇 |
1994年 | 211篇 |
1993年 | 208篇 |
1992年 | 212篇 |
1991年 | 156篇 |
1990年 | 148篇 |
1989年 | 130篇 |
1988年 | 144篇 |
1987年 | 139篇 |
1986年 | 121篇 |
1985年 | 219篇 |
1984年 | 352篇 |
1983年 | 257篇 |
1982年 | 280篇 |
1981年 | 232篇 |
1980年 | 237篇 |
1979年 | 234篇 |
1978年 | 185篇 |
1977年 | 153篇 |
1976年 | 129篇 |
1975年 | 117篇 |
1974年 | 115篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
82.
83.
Geoffrey P Dobson 《BBA》2002,1553(3):261-267
Our aim was to estimate a number of bioenergetic parameters in the beating mouse, rat and guinea pig heart in situ and compare the values to those in hearts of mammals over a 2000-fold range in body mass. For the mouse, rat and guinea pig heart, we report a phosphorylation ratio of 1005±50 (n=16), 460±32 (n=10) and 330±22 (n=5) mM−1 and a free cytosolic [ADP] concentration of 13, 18 and 22 μM, respectively. When each parameter was plotted against body mass, they scaled closely to the quarter power (−0.28, r=0.99 and −0.23, r=0.97). A similar regression slope was found when the inverse of free [ADP] was plotted against absolute mitochondrial (slope=−0.26, r=0.99) and myofibrillar volumes (slope=−0.24, r=0.99). The similar slopes indicate that the ratio of absolute mitochondria and myofibrillar volumes in the healthy mammalian heart is a constant, and independent of body size. In conclusion, our study supports the hypothesis that the mammalian heart has a number of highly conserved thermodynamic and kinetic parameters that obey quarter-power laws linking the phosphorylation ratio, ATP turnover rates, free [ADP] and absolute mitochondrial volumes to body size. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms and potential deviations from these laws in some disease states. 相似文献
84.
A comparison of life history traits of sexual and asexual strains of the parasitoid wasp,Lysiphlebus fabarum (Braconidae: Aphidiinae) 下载免费PDF全文
1. This study examined biological characteristics of sexual and asexual strains of the parasitoid wasp, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). 2. Strains were reared in different instar hosts (the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli) under identical environmental conditions (21 °C, 65–75% RH, and LD 16:8 h). 3. Results showed that the second instar of the aphid is the most suitable growth stage for both strains, as the wasps that emerged from the second instar hosts were larger, more fecund, and had larger egg size. Trade‐offs between the fitness components of the parasitoid were clearer when the parasitoids were reared in suboptimal instars. 4. According to the results, sexual females emerged around 1 day earlier and lived around 0.5 day less than asexual females. Also, sexual females emerged with a lower initial egg load, although these wasps tend to have larger eggs than asexual females. Asexual females may enjoy greater longevity and higher developmental plasticity which suggests a higher degree of synchronization with pest population dynamism. 5. The results suggest that sexual wasps, in contrast to asexual wasps, invest more in egg size than in egg load. This study suggests strain‐specific adaptations of L. fabarum to different instars of the black bean aphid by which the allocation of nutritional resources to various functions differs between strains. 6. Furthermore, differences in life history traits between strains can greatly influence the population dynamics of each strain, and hence their effectiveness in suppressing pest populations. 相似文献
85.
Mengnan Wang Dongjie Li Mingyue Zhang Wenzhi Yang Yali Cui Shijie Li 《Animal genetics》2015,46(4):354-360
The CDKN1C gene encodes a cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor and is one of the key genes involved in the development of Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome and cancer. In this study, using a direct sequencing approach based on a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at genomic DNA and cDNA levels, we show that CDKN1C exhibits monoallelic expression in all seven studied organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, muscle and subcutaneous fat) in cattle. To investigate how methylation regulates imprinting of CDKN1C in cattle, allele‐specific methylation patterns in two putative differential methylation regions (DMRs), the CDKN1C DMR and KvDMR1, were analyzed in three tissues (liver, spleen and lung) using bisulfite sequencing PCR. Our results show that in the CDKN1C DMR both parental alleles were unmethylated in all three analyzed tissues. In contrast, KvDMR1 was differentially methylated between the two parental alleles in the same tissues. Statistical analysis showed that there is a significant difference in the methylation level between the two parental alleles (P < 0.01), confirming that this region is the DMR of KvDMR1 and that it may be correlated with CDKN1C imprinting. 相似文献
86.
Ethical Considerations for Outcome‐adaptive Trial Designs: A Clinical Researcher's Perspective 下载免费PDF全文
Scott Brian Saxman 《Bioethics》2015,29(2):59-65
In a typical comparative clinical trial the randomization scheme is fixed at the beginning of the study, and maintained throughout the course of the trial. A number of researchers have championed a randomized trial design referred to as ‘outcome‐adaptive randomization.’ In this type of trial, the likelihood of a patient being enrolled to a particular arm of the study increases or decreases as preliminary information becomes available suggesting that treatment may be superior or inferior. While the design merits of outcome‐adaptive trials have been debated, little attention has been paid to significant ethical concerns that arise in the conduct of such studies. These include loss of equipoise, lack of processes for adequate informed consent, and inequalities inherent in the research design which could lead to perceptions of injustice that may have negative implications for patients and the research enterprise. This article examines the ethical difficulties inherent in outcome‐adaptive trials. 相似文献
87.
Samuel M. Imathiu Rumiana V. Ray Matthew I. Back Martin C. Hare Simon G. Edwards 《Journal of Phytopathology》2013,161(7-8):553-561
Fusarium langsethiae is a toxigenic fungal species that has been reported in European small‐grain cereal crops such as oats, wheat and barley. Although its relative contribution to fusarium head blight (FHB) symptoms is not well understood, it is reported to contaminate these cereals with high levels of HT‐2 and T‐2 trichothecenes mycotoxins that are currently under consideration for legislation by the European Commission. Ten commercial oat fields in Shropshire and Staffordshire (two adjacent counties in the Midlands) in the UK were surveyed in the 2006/2007 growing season. Samples were taken from predetermined field locations at Zadoks growth stages 32/33, 69, 77‐85 and 90‐92 for F. langsethiae biomass and HT‐2 and T‐2 toxins quantification. The results from this study showed that oats can be heavily infected with F. langsethiae and have high concentrations of HT‐2 and T‐2 toxins with no apparent FHB symptoms. The regression of HT‐2 + T‐2 toxins on F. langsethiae DNA concentration was highly significant (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.55). The results indicated that although F. langsethiae had no direct effect on crop yield, it may result in indirect economic losses where the grain can be rejected or downgraded as a result of intolerable levels of HT‐2 and T‐2 toxins, which are of human food and animal feed safety concern. The influence of cultural field practices on the infection and HT‐2 and T‐2 toxins accumulation in oats was not clear and warrants further studies to identify the sources of F. langsethiae inoculum and conditions favourable for infection and mycotoxin production. 相似文献
88.
89.
90.
Xiuling Li Songbai Yang Zhonglin Tang Kui Li Max F. Rothschild Bang Liu Bin Fan 《Animal genetics》2014,45(3):329-339
Due to the direction, intensity, duration and consistency of genetic selection, especially recent artificial selection, the production performance of domestic pigs has been greatly changed. Therefore, we reasoned that there must be footprints or selection signatures that had been left during domestication. In this study, with porcine 60K BeadChip genotyping data from both commercial Large White and local Chinese Tongcheng pigs, we calculated the extended haplotype homozygosity values of the two breeds using the long‐range haplotype method to detect selection signatures. We found 34 candidate regions, including 61 known genes, from Large White pigs and 25 regions comprising 57 known genes from Tongcheng pigs. Many selection signatures were found on SSC1, SSC4, SSC7 and SSC14 regions in both populations. According to quantitative trait loci and network pathway analyses, most of the regions and genes were linked to growth, reproduction and immune responses. In addition, the average genetic differentiation coefficient FST was 0.254, which means that there had already been a significant differentiation between the breeds. The findings from this study can contribute to further research on molecular mechanisms of pig evolution and domestication and also provide valuable references for improvement of their breeding and cultivation. 相似文献