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121.
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; 3 x 10(-8)-1 x 10(-5)M) produced a dose-dependent increase in phosphatidylinositol/polyphosphoinositide (PI) turnover in mouse cortical slices, as measured by following production of 3H-labelled inositol phosphates (IPs) in the presence of 10 mM LiCl. Analysis of individual IPs, in slices stimulated for 45 min, indicated substantial increases in inositol monophosphate (IP1; 140%) and inositol bisphosphate (IP2; 95%) contents with smaller increases in inositol trisphosphate (IP3; 51%) and inositol tetrakisphosphate (IP4; 48%) contents. The increase in IP3 level was solely in the 1,3,4-isomer. This response was inhibited by the nonselective 5-HT antagonists methysergide, metergoline, and spiperone. It was also inhibited by the selective 5-HT2 antagonists ketanserin and ritanserin but not by the 5-HT1 antagonists isapirone, (-)-propranolol, or pindolol. 5-HT-stimulated IP formation was also unaltered by atropine, prazosin, and mepyramine. Lesioning brain 5-HT neurones using 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT; 50 micrograms i.c.v.) produced a 210% (p less than 0.01) increase in the number of 5-HT2-mediated head-twitches induced by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (2 mg/kg). However, 5,7-DHT lesioning had no effect on 5-HT-stimulated PI turnover in these mice. Similarly, an electroconvulsive shock (90 V, 1 s) given five times over a 10-day period caused an 85% (p less than 0.01) increase in head-twitch responses but no change in 5-HT-stimulated PI turnover. Decreasing 5-HT2 function by twice-a-day injection of 5 mg/kg of zimeldine or desipramine (DMI) produced 50% (p less than 0.01) and 56% (p less than 0.01), respectively, reductions in head-twitch behaviour.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
122.
Bernd Höffken Reinhard Ködding Alexander von zur Mühlen Tainer Hehrmann Rolf-Dieter Hesch 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》1978,539(1):114-124
The nature of the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) was investigated in rat liver homogenate and microsomes. A 6-fold rise of T3 and 2.5-fold rise of rT3 levels determined by specific radioimmunoassays was observed over 6 h after the addition of T4. An enzymic process is suggested that converts T4 to T3 and rT3. For T3 the optimal pH is 6 and for rT3, 9.5. The converting activity for both T3 and rT3 is temperature dependent and can be suppressed by heat, H2O2, merthiolate and by 5-propyl-2-thiouracil. rT3 and to a lesser degree iodide, were able to inhibit the production of T3 in a dose related fashion. Therefore the pH dependendy, rT3 and iodide may regulate the availability of T3 or rT3 depending on the metabolic requirements of thyroid hormones. 相似文献
123.
Denise K. Garcia Scott K. Davis 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1994,48(2):376-391
Molecular techniques provide powerful tools for studying the geographic structure of hybrid zones and the dynamics of gene exchange between incipient species. We examined allozyme variation at five loci (PGM, GPI, MDH-1, MDH-2, and LDH) for 27 populations of Palaemonetes kadiakensis from the central, coastal, and eastern regions of Texas. Central Texas populations of P. kadiakensis exhibited highly significant linkage disequilibrium and departures from Hardy-Weinberg genotype proportions. In populations with linkage disequilibrium, allelic differences at GPI defined two types of P. kadiakensis, designated A and B. Both types existed in central Texas with little or no evidence of interbreeding, whereas the populations from all other localities showed complete introgression of type B alleles into the type A gene pool. We also examined ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in a subset of populations, chosen to cover a range of geographic locations and levels of linkage disequilibrium. Two groups of mtDNA haplotypes and two restriction fragment patterns for the rDNA corresponded to allozyme type A and B individuals in populations exhibiting linkage disequilibrium. In populations with ongoing hybridization, all hybrid animals (N= 15) exhibited type A mtDNA. Exhibition of type A mtDNA indicated that type A females had mated successfully with type B males, but type B females had not mated successfully with type A males. Genotype distributions suggest reduced reproduction by hybrid offspring in central Texas populations. These patterns are consistent with a mosaic model of hybrid zone dynamics. 相似文献
124.
Christian Paech John Pierce Stephen D. McCurry N.E. Tolbert 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1978,83(3):1084-1092
Xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate in preparations of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (ribulose-P2) arises from non-enzymic epimerization and inhibits the enzyme. Another inhibitor, a diketo degradation product from ribulose-P2, is also present. Both compounds simulate the substrate inhibition of ribulose-P2 carboxylase/oxygenase previously reported for ribulose-P2. Freshly prepared ribulose-P2 had little inhibitory activity. The instability of ribulose-P2 may be one reason for a high level of ribulose-P2 carboxylase in chloroplasts where the molarity of active sites exceeds that of ribulose-P2. Because the KD of the enzyme/substrate complex is ≤1 μM, all ribulose-P2 generated in situ may be stored as this complex to prevent decomposition. 相似文献
125.
R. A. GALLEGUILLOS R. D. WARD † 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2001,17(4):395-408
Populations of the flounder, Platichthys flesus , were screened for electrophoretically detectable protein variation at up to 37 loci. Atlantic and North Sea populations (subspecies flesus ) were genetically very similar to one another ( I >0.99) but different from Adriatic (subspecies italicus ) and Black Sea (subspecies luscus ) populations. The values for genetic identity between subspecies were around 0.9. Diagnostic loci enabled specimens of flesus, italicus and luscus to be differentiated from one another. Samples of flesus showed two to three times the heterozygosity levels of italicus or luscus , consistent with the greater population size of flesus . Morphological comparisons enabled populations to be categorized to subspecies. Platichthys flesus italicus and luscus are valid subspecies: the terms are not synonyms. The genetic distance data provide an estimate of divergence time of the three subspecies at about 2 My ago, an estimate that seems reasonable in the light of present knowledge concerning the recent geological histories of the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. 相似文献
126.
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128.
In rats fed a normal (22% protein) diet, injection of clenbuterol (1 mg/kg/d for 21 d) did not affect energy intake, energy expenditure or weight gain, but reduced energetic efficiency, and fat and energy gains and increased body protein content. Presenting a low-protein (8%) diet reduced energy intake, gain and efficiency, body protein content and the mass of the gastrocnemius muscle when compared to rats fed the control diet. Injection of the protein-deficient rats with clenbuterol (1 mg/kg/d for 21 d) caused hypophagia and reduced body weight and energy gains, energy expenditure and total body fat. However, the total body content of protein was not significantly reduced and the percentage of body protein in this protein deficient, clenbuterol-treated group was greater than that of untreated rats on both the high- and low-protein diets. The ratio of body protein to fat following clenbuterol treatment was increased by over 50% in both normal and protein-deficient rats. The results show that in protein deficient animals, clenbuterol treatment may help conserve body protein at the expense of fat, resulting in a smaller, but leaner body mass. 相似文献
129.
Wolf Bertling 《Bioscience reports》1987,7(2):107-112
We used empty capsids ofpolyoma virus to transfer DNA fragments and DNA/protein complexes into human cells. We encapsulated labeled and unlabeled single stranded DNA fragments by viral capsids. A complex of DNA with a DNA binding protein, recA, will also be taken up by the capsids, whereas the free protein is not incorporated. We further compared this gentle biological method of DNA transfection with a well-established physical method, electroporation. Electroporation also allows the transfer of DNA as well as protein into cells, although there is no proof that a DNA/protein complex can survive the procedure functionally. Whereas the viability of capsid transfected cells is unaffected (100%), electroporation reduces the viability to 90–95%. On the other hand, the amount of DNA found in the nucleus of electroporated cells is higher than for cells treated with loaded viral capsids. 相似文献
130.
The rapid increase in protein synthesis that occurs on addition of insulin (1 mU/ml) to stepped-down 3T3 cells was blocked by pre-incubation of the cells with pertussis toxin. Cholera toxin on the other hand stimulated protein synthesis and this effect was insensitive to actinomycin D and inhibited by pro-treatment of the cells with phorbol dibutyrate to deplete cell protein kinase C. Insulin was found to cause a rapid and transient increase in diacylglycerol (DAG) synthesis. The insulin-induced increase in diacylglycerol was blocked by pertussis toxin. Exogenous DAG (10 M) stimulated protein synthesis within 1 hour. The results suggest that insuIin stimulates ribosomal activity through a signal mechanism that involves a G-protein mediated activation of phospholipase C to increase DAG levels. 相似文献