增强UV-B辐射对暖温带落叶阔叶林土庄绣线菊水分利用效率、气孔导度、叶氮素含量及形态特性的影响

在北京东灵山暖温带森林生态系统中,选择常见灌丛土庄绣线菊(Spiraea pubescens),建立UV-B控制实验。连续3个生长季每天增补9.4 kJ·m^-2的辐射剂量,模拟臭氧衰减17%时近地表面UV-B辐射的增强。该实验的目的是在野外环境下观测,长时间人工增强UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊叶片的气孔导度、碳同位素比率(δ¹³C)、叶含水量、叶面积、特别是水分利用效率(WUE)和叶片全氮含量等指标的影响。实验结果表明,增强UV-B辐射显著减少了土庄绣线菊的叶面积(50.1%),提高了叶片全氮含量(102%)。同时,UV-B辐射还在一定程度上(尽管统计显示不显著)降低了气孔导度(16.1%)、胞间CO₂浓度与大气CO₂浓度之比(C_i/C_a) (4.0%)、提高了碳同位素比率(δ¹³C)(20.5‰)、叶含水量(3.1%)及比叶重(SLW)(5.2%),从而导致WUE的增加(4.1%)和植物的抗旱能力增强。值得注意的是,深层土壤(30~40 cm)含水量变化会影响气孔导度、δ¹³C和WUE对紫外辐射的响应程度:在土壤干旱的季节(6月和9月),气孔导度、δ¹³C、WUE这些指标处理和对照的差异很小,但是当土壤水分充足时(7月和8月),处理和对照的差异就较为显著。另外,随着实验处理时间的延长,UV-B的效应变得不显著。相关分析表明,UV-B辐射降低了土壤含水量(30~40 cm)与土庄绣线菊叶含水量、δ¹³C、C_i/C_a和气孔导度的相关系数,增强了WUE与土壤含水量的相关性,这也许是由于UV-B辐射增强了WUE对土壤水分变化的敏感性。该研究的结果表明UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊的形态和生长有显著的影响,但对主要水分生理指标影响不显著。     

Purification and characterization of pectin lyase secreted by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium citrinum</Emphasis>

The importance of various parameters such as sugarcane juice concentration, pH of the medium, and effects of different solid supports for maximum secretion of pectin lyase from Penicillium citrinum MTCC 8897 has been studied. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The molecular mass determined by SDS-PAGE was 31 kDa. The K _m and k _cat values were found to be 1 mg/ml and 76 sec⁻¹, respectively. The optimum pH of the purified pectin lyase was 9.0, though it retains activity in the pH 9.0–12.0 range when exposed for 24 h. The optimum temperature was 50°C, and the pectin lyase was found to be completely stable up to 40°C when exposed for 1 h. The purified pectin lyase was found efficient in retting of Linum usitatissimum, Cannabis sativa, and Crotalaria juncea. Published in Russian in Biokhimiya, 2009, Vol. 74, No. 7, pp. 985–992.     

甜菜夜蛾对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯的抗性机理

通过对活体增效作用进行测定和生化分析,探讨了甜菜夜蛾对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯的抗性机理.结果表明:增效醚(PBO)、增效磷(SV1)、磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)对甜菜夜蛾抗氰戊菊酯品系(Fen-R)和敏感品系(S)的增效倍数之比分别为10.2、7.8、12.5和1.1,对抗顺式氯氰菊酯品系(Cyp-R)和敏感品系(S)的增效倍数之比分别为21.6、15.5、8.6和1.2.PBO、SV1和TPP对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯均有显著增效作用,表明多功能氧化酶和羧酸酯酶均参与了甜菜夜蛾对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯的抗性.Fen-R品系和Cyp-R品系4龄幼虫羧酸酯酶的活性分别是S品系的1.9和2.2倍,而谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性与S品系差异不显著,表明羧酸酯酶活性的提高是甜菜夜蛾对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯产生抗性的重要原因,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶与两种药剂的抗性无关.Fen-R品系和Cyp-R品系的Na-K-ATPase活性与S品系均无显著差异,但在相同浓度下氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯对S品系Na-K-ATPase的抑制作用显著高于抗性品系,表明抗性品系Na-K-ATPase对杀虫剂的敏感性已明显降低.     

高效液相色谱法分析猪屎豆种子胶多糖中的单糖组成

建立了一种采用SUGAR SP-G 0810(Pb型)糖分析色谱柱,以纯水为流动相,利用示差折光检测器的高效液相色谱外标法直接分离分析半乳甘露聚糖胶中单糖组成的方法。木糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖的分离在20 min内完成,检出限分别达到2.0μg,20μg,1.0μg和20μg,线性范围为2～10 mg/mL。该方法简便、快速、重现性好,用于猪屎豆种子胶多糖中单糖组分的测定,并进行回收率试验,结果5次测定的半乳糖和甘露糖的回收率分别为95.83%和103.68%,RSD分别为1.53%和1.50%。     

马尾松和苦槠林根际土壤矿化和根系分解CO2释放的温度敏感性

以中亚热带马尾松林和苦槠林为对象,原位收集根际和非根际土壤、树木不同生态功能的根系,开展15 ℃、25 ℃、35 ℃和45 ℃恒温培养模拟试验,采用密闭气室碱液吸收法测定53 d内CO₂释放的动态变化.结果表明: 两种森林类型不同温度下土壤矿化CO₂释放速率的根际效应介于1.12～3.09,且培养前期高于培养后期;15 ℃下马尾松林和苦槠林差异不显著,25 ℃和35 ℃下前者低于后者,45 ℃下则相反.不同培养温度下两树种吸收根分解的CO₂释放速率均高于过渡根和贮存根,且马尾松均低于苦槠.两种森林类型CO₂释放的Q₁₀值均为土壤(1.21～1.83)显著高于根系(0.96～1.36).两种森林类型土壤矿化CO₂释放的Q₁₀值差异不显著,而马尾松根系分解CO₂释放的Q₁₀值高于苦槠.推断全球变暖导致的土壤矿化CO2释放的增量将远远高于根系分解,且马尾松林高于苦槠林;地带性顶极群落应对气候变化的抵抗力强于先锋树种群落.     

长枝木霉对禾谷胞囊线虫寄生和致死作用的显微观察及测定

通过室内试验测定长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫胞囊的寄生和致死作用.结果表明： 不同浓度（1.5×10⁵～1.5×10⁷ cfu·mL^-1）长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫胞囊具有明显的寄生和致死作用,并且不同浓度的长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液之间存在显著差异.第18天浓度为1.5×10⁷ cfu·mL^-1的长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对胞囊的寄生率为96.7%,第22天对胞囊孵化的相对抑制率为91.2%.显微观察表明,侵染初期长枝木霉分生孢子附着在胞囊体表,并且萌发产生大量的菌丝寄生于胞囊体表,使〖JP2〗胞囊胚胎发育停止和内容物凝集,甚至有的胞囊出现畸形和表面形成深褐色的小液泡.侵染后期大量菌丝穿透胞囊体表,胞囊破裂,内容物外渗,有的胞囊体表菌丝形成分生孢子梗,其上着生卵圆形的分生孢子.表明长枝木霉可作为一种高效的生防制剂防治小麦禾谷胞囊线虫的发生与危害.     

Determining Euzonus mucronata Burrowing Rates with Application to Ancient Macaronichnus segregatis Trace-makers

Assessing the temporal significance of invertebrate ichnofossils is essential in interpreting ancient organism behaviors, depositional settings, and bioturbation and sedimentation rates. The trace fossil, Macaronichnus segregatis, is known to represent the work of deposit-feeding polychaetes and commonly occurs as a pervasive structure in shallow-marine sandstone deposits. This study uses the polychaete Euzonus mucronata, which produces M. segregatis-like structures, as a modern analogue to the trace-making counterparts. Field measurements from Pachena Beach, Vancouver Island, Canada, included assessment of population densities and worm behaviors. Volumetric burrowing rates were obtained from a thin-walled aquarium constructed in the laboratory. The burrowing rate calculated for 5 Euzonus (0.089 cm³/hr) was extrapolated to populations (approximately 1,400–5,000 worms/m²) estimated from Pachena Beach, which require 70–300 days to completely rework 0.1 m³ of sediment. Calculated rates are dependent upon the limitations of simulating a natural setting in an aquarium, the population density assessment, and the particular characteristics of the worm population and foreshore at Pachena Bay. However, these initial estimates can still be applied to rock record examples such as the Macaronichnus segregatis found in the Appaloosa Sandstone of Alberta, Canada. In this unit, ancient worms persisted in dense populations and reworked sediment at a rate that exceeded deposition during overall foreshore aggradation.     

Effects of the Integration of Sunn Hemp and Soil Solarization on Plant-Parasitic and Free-Living Nematodes

Sunn hemp (SH), Crotolaria juncea, is known to suppress Rotylenchulus reniformis and weeds while enhancing free-living nematodes involved in nutrient cycling. Field trials were conducted in 2009 (Trial I) and 2010 (Trial II) to examine if SH cover cropping could suppress R. reniformis and weeds while enhancing free-living nematodes if integrated with soil solarization (SOL). Cover cropping of SH, soil solarization, and SH followed by SOL (SHSOL) were compared to weedy fallow control (C). Rotylenchulus reniformis population was suppressed by SHSOL at the end of cover cropping or solarization period (Pi) in Trial I, but not in Trial II. However, SOL and SHSOL did not suppress R. reniformis compared to SH in either trial. SH enhanced abundance of bacterivores and suppressed the % herbivores only at Pi in Trial II. At termination of the experiment, SH resulted in a higher enrichment index indicating greater soil nutrient availability, and a higher structure index indicating a less disturbed nematode community compared to C. SOL suppressed bacterivores and fungivores only in Trial II but not in Trial I. On the other hand, SHSOL enhanced bacterivores and fungivores only at Pi in Trial I. Weeds were suppressed by SH, SOL and SHSOL throughout the experiment. SHSOL suppressed R. reniformis and enhanced free-living nematodes better than SOL, and suppressed weeds better than SH.