Identification of melanoma-specific peptide epitopes by HLA-A2.1-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes

HLA-A2.1-associated peptides, extracted from human melanoma cells, were used to study epitopes for melanoma-specific HLA-A2.1-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes （CTLs） by epitope reconstitution, active peptide sequence characterization and synthetic peptide verification. CTL were generated from tumor-involved nodes by in vitro stimulation, initially with autologous melanoma cells and subsequently with allogeneic HLA-A2.1 positive melanoma cells. The CTLs could lyse autologous and aUogeneic HLA-A2. 1 positive melanomas, but not HLA-A2.1 negative melanomas or HLA-A2.1 positive non-melanomas. The lysis of melanomas could be inhibited by anti-CD3, anti-HLA class I and anti-HLA-A2.1 monoclonal antibodies. HLA-A2.1 molecules were purified from detergent-solubilized human melanoma cells by immunoaffinity column chromatography and further fractionated by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The fractions were assessed for their ability to reconstitute melanoma-specific epitopes with HLA-A2.1 positive antigen-processing mutant T2 cells. Three reconstitution peaks were observed in lactate dehydrogenase release assay. Mass spectrometry and ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography analysis were used to identify peptide epitopes. Peptides with a mass-to-charge ratio of 948 usually consist of nine amino acid residues. The data from reconstitution experiments confirmed that the synthetic peptides contained epitopes and that the peptides associated with HLA-A2.1 and recognized by melanoma-specific CTL were present in these different melanoma cells. These peptides could be potentially exploited in novel peptide-based antitumor vaccines in immunotherapy for CTL.     

黑色素瘤相关抗原家族新基因restin的组织表达谱

Restin是从维甲酸诱导肿瘤分化细胞中克隆的一种黑色素瘤相关抗原家族(MAGE)的新成员.对该基因在不同组织、不同细胞系的表达水平进行研究,将有利于揭示其生物学功能.使用α3-2P-dCTP标记人restin编码区基因作为探针,针对12种不同成人组织mRNA的Multiple TissueNorthern(MTN)膜和含76种成人、胎儿及常用细胞系mRNA的Multiple Tissue Expression(MTE)Array膜进行杂交分析,同时利用地高辛标记探针对11种常见肿瘤组织进行原位杂交检测.结果显示,MTN膜杂交中,12种组织显示均一杂交条带,约1.8 kb,提示该基因可能不存在剪接变异体;MTE膜杂交中,正常组织中均有不同程度的表达,但在肿瘤细胞系中均低表达或者不表达;原位杂交的结果显示,在8种恶性肿瘤组织中均不表达,而在3种良性肿瘤组织中呈现较低的表达.结果提示,该基因在正常组织中的表达明显高于肿瘤组织和肿瘤细胞系,完全不同于其它MAGE-A、B、C的组织表达方式.结合该基因在维甲酸诱导分化的肿瘤细胞中高表达,推测restin可能与正常细胞的分化、增殖有关.     

婆婆纳抗黑色素瘤物质基础的初步研究

为明确婆婆纳（Veronica didyma）抗黑色素瘤活性部位及物质基础，该研究采用CCK8法评价了婆婆纳乙醇提取物4个萃取部位（石油醚层、乙酸乙酯层、正丁醇层、水层）乙醇提取物及单体化合物对黑色素瘤细胞株（B16和A375）细胞的增殖抑制作用，并使用植物化学方法和技术对活性部位的化学成分进行系统分离纯化。结果表明：（1）乙酸乙酯萃取部位（ethyl acetate extract,PPNE）较其他样品有更好抑制B16细胞和A375细胞增殖的作用，其半抑制浓度（IC50）值分别为0.177 mg·mL-1(B16)、2.826 mg·mL-1(A375)。（2）从活性部位PPNE中得到7个单体化合物，即对羟基苯甲醛（1）、胡黄连苷II(2)、isoscutellarein 7-O-(6?-oacetyl)-β-allopyranosyl (1?→2″)-β-glucopyranoside(3)、3′-hydroxyl-4′-O-methylisoscutellarein 7-O-[6?-O-acetyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranos...     

泛素化修饰对维甲酸诱导基因I样受体家族(RLRs)信号通路分子调控作用的研究进展

维甲酸诱导基因I样受体家族(retinoid acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors, RLRs)信号通路作为众多抗感染免疫信号通路之一，在诱导促炎细胞因子、趋化因子和I型干扰素产生等方面发挥重要的调控作用。作为蛋白质翻译后修饰之一的泛素化(ubiquitination)，是由泛素蛋白(ubiquitin)与目标蛋白上不同的氨基酸位点产生结合来调控蛋白的命运，如启动蛋白酶体途径降解蛋白或激活转运等功能。而RLRs信号通路分子的泛素化修饰既是调控多种效应因子的方式之一，也是病毒经此诱发动物重要疾病以及自身免疫病、慢性炎症的经典路径之一。本文主要综述RLRs信号通路中重要的效应器分子的典型结构特征、泛素化修饰类型和功能，探讨泛素化修饰调控RLRs信号通路关键分子的作用，为相关疾病的干预或治疗提供参考。     

Induction of HLA-G expression in a melanoma cell line OCM-1A following the treatment with 5-aza-2＇-deoxycytidine

The non-classical HLA class Ⅰ antigen HLA-G is an immune modulator which inhibits the functions of T cells, NK cells, and the Dendritic cells （DC）. As a result, HLA-G expression in malignant cells may provide them with a mechanism to escape the immune surveillance. In melanoma, HLA-G antigen expression has been found in 30% of surgically removed lesions but in less than 1% of established cell lines. One possible mechanism underlying the differential HLA-G expression in vivo and in vitro is that the HLA-G gene is epigenetically repressed in melanoma cells in vitro. To test this hypothesis, we treated the HLA-G negative melanoma cell line OCM-1A with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2＇-deoxycytidine （5-AC） and analyzed whether HLA-G expression can be restored. Our data strongly suggest that HLA-G is silenced as a result of CpG hypermethylation within a 5＇ regulatory region encompassing 220 bp upstream of the start codon. After treatment, HLA-G mRNA expression was dramatically increased. Western blot and flow cytometry showed that HLA-G protein was induced. Interestingly, HLA-G cell surface expression on the 5-AC treated OCM-1A cells is much less than that on the HLA-G positive JEG-3 cells while a similar amount of total HLA-G was observed. Possible mechanisms for the difference were analyzed in the study such as cell cold-treatment, peptide loading and antigen processing machinery components （APM） as well as β2 microglobulin （β2-m） expression. Data revealed that the APM component calreticulin might be involved in the lower HLA-G surface expression on OCM-1A cells. Taken together, our results indicated that DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism by which HLA-G antigen expression is modulated in melanoma cells in vitro. Furthermore, to the first time, we hypothesized that the deficiency of calreticulin might be involved in the low HLA-G surface expression on the 5-AC treated OCM-1A cells.     

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶15纳米抗体的制备及其在B16-F10黑素瘤细胞生长过程中的抑制作用

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶15 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 15,MAPK15),又称ERK7或ERK8,是MAPK家族的非典型新成员。MAPK15不同程度地促进不同肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、自噬等细胞活动。本研究以MAPK15为靶点,筛选特异性的MAPK15纳米抗体,评估其是否能够作为免疫组织化学和Western印迹中的一抗用于其抗原表达的检测,并探究该纳米抗体在B16-F10黑色素瘤细胞中的作用。通过噬菌体展示技术从B16-F10黑色素瘤细胞纳米抗体文库中进行筛选,得到1株MAPK15特异性纳米抗体,命名为MAPK15-VHH;将该菌株构建原核表达载体,进行优化诱导表达条件时发现,0.6 nmol/L IPTG,15℃,100 r/min条件下该纳米抗体的上清表达量最高。通过竞争ELISA法检测MAPK15-VHH的亲和力,结果显示,该抗体K_D值为0.9829。通过Western印迹和免疫组织化学检测脑组织中MAPK15在蛋白质水平的表达量及分布情况,结果表明,MAPK15-VHH可与组织中的MAPK15结合,用于检测MAPK15蛋...     

Epigenetics of human melanoma： promises and challenges

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer with rising incidence and mortality rates. Although early-stage melanoma is highly curable, advanced-stage melanoma is refractory to treatment. This underscores the importance of prevention and early detection as well as the need to improve treatment and prognostication of human melanoma. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of the initi- ation and progression of human melanoma can help identify potential targets of intervention for prevention, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of this disease. Aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications are the best-established epigenetic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The occurrence of epigenetic changes prior to clinical diagnosis of cancer and their reversibility through pharmaco-logic/genetic approaches offer a promising avenue for basic and translational research on human melanoma. Candidate gene（s） or genome-wide aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications have been observed in human melanoma tumor tissues and cell lines, and correlated to cellular and functional characteristics and/or clinicopathologicai features of this malignancy. The present review summarizes the published researches on aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications in connection with human melanoma. Representative studies are highlighted to set forth the current state of knowledge, gaps in the knowledgebase, and future directions in these epigenetic fields of research. Examples of epigenetic therapy applied for human melanoma in vitro, and the challenges of its in vivo application for clinical treatment of solid tumors are discussed.     

脉络膜黑色素瘤中整合素α_vβ_3表达的研究

目的:整合素α_vβ_3为整合素家族成员之一,是一类跨膜粘附分子,其在多种肿瘤细胞及新生内皮血管细胞中高表达而在成熟血管内皮、上皮细胞及正常细胞中表达较低或无表达。基于这些特征,整合素α_vβ_3近年来成为分子影像研究的热点之一。鉴于整合素α_vβ_3在人眼脉络膜黑色素瘤中是否存在表达尚不可知,本课题拟研究整合素α_vβ_3在人脉络膜黑色素瘤中表达情况,为以整合素α_vβ_3为基础的分子显像提供理论基础。方法:培养人源脉络膜黑色素瘤细胞株OCM-1,使用蛋白免疫印迹方法检测整合素α_vβ_3在OCM-1中表达水平,并使用免疫组化方法检测人脉络膜黑色素瘤病理切片中整合素α_vβ_3表达分布。结果:蛋白免疫印迹实验表明在OCM-1细胞株中存在整合素α_vβ_3表达,其表达水平介于已知高表达整合素α_vβ_3的头颈鳞癌细胞株HEP-2和较低表达整合素α_vβ_3的头颈鳞癌细胞株CNE-1之间,免疫组化方法检测人脉络膜黑色素瘤病理切片中也存在整合素α_vβ_3表达。结论:人脉络膜黑色素瘤中具有整合素α_vβ_3表达,可以为后期研究基于整合素α_vβ_3的分子显像技术提供依据。     

异源黑色素瘤DNA疫苗结合IL-12和Ii-PADRE抗鼠黑色素瘤的研究

研究酪氨酸激酶相关蛋白2(tyrosinase related protein 2,TRP-2)和gp100质粒DNA在B16黑色素瘤小鼠模型中的抗肿瘤作用。TRP-2及gp100在人类和鼠类黑色素瘤中均高度表达。鼠源gp100(mgp100)和鼠源TRP-2(mTRP-2)在小鼠中的免疫原性较差,而异源黑色素瘤相关抗原可打破这些免疫耐受。使用电脉冲法免疫人源gp100(hgp100)和人源TRP-2(hTRP-2)质粒在B16F10肿瘤模型中表现出显著的保护作用。TRP-2和gp100质粒免疫结合Ii-PADRE(invariant Pan DR reactive epitope)和鼠源白介素-12(murine interleukin-12,mIL-12)质粒有效消退了建立的皮下B16F10肿瘤。上述结果表明,肌肉内注射异源DNA疫苗结合Ii-PADRE与IL-12质粒使用可能是一种有效治疗黑色素瘤的策略。     

溶瘤腺病毒靶向杀灭葡萄膜黑色素瘤的实验研究

葡萄膜黑色素瘤是成人最严重的原发性恶性肿瘤之一.传统的治疗方法,包括手术、放射治疗和化学治疗效果都不是很理想.溶瘤腺病毒H101,能够特异性地在p53突变的肿瘤细胞中复制并杀伤肿瘤细胞,同时对正常细胞影响较少,且已由中国国家食品药品监督管理总局批准上市.为了研究H101对葡萄膜黑色素瘤的治疗效果,通过体外感染葡萄膜黑色素瘤细胞,发现H101能够显著抑制葡萄膜黑色素瘤细胞的增殖并促进细胞凋亡,抑制细胞周期,而对正常的ARPE-19细胞没有影响.在体内实验中,建立了SP6.5细胞的荷瘤小鼠模型,在H101治疗后抑制了肿瘤的生长,延长了动物寿命.上述结果表明,溶瘤腺病毒H101治疗葡萄膜黑色素瘤是一种可行的方法.