人二氢乳清酸脱氢酶蛋白的表达、纯化及其与新型抑制剂的晶体结构

人二氢乳清酸脱氢酶（human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, hDHODH）是催化嘧啶从头合成途径的一个关键酶。近年来,多种研究表明,抑制该酶可缓解类风湿性关节炎的症状。但该酶的抑制剂甚少,寻找该酶的高效抑制剂具有重要意义。本研究利用PCR技术扩增hDHODH基因,构建重组质粒pET-19b-hDHODH,并在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, E.coli ) BL21(DE3)中表达,获得可溶性蛋白质。用Ni2+-NTA亲和层析柱对蛋白质进行纯化,获得较高（90%）纯度的hDHODH蛋白,将蛋白质与抑制剂3-(5-乙硫基)-1H-1, 2, 4-三氮唑-3-)苯甲酸和底物DHO混合孵育。用Hampton试剂盒初筛晶体并用棋盘法进行优化,获得晶形完美、衍射能力很强的hDHODH蛋白复合物单晶。用X射线衍射晶体,用CCP4、Coot软件解析结构,获得hDHODH蛋白复合物晶体结构。从解析的结构中可以看出,抑制剂与蛋白质的吻合度非常高,且抑制剂通过亲水的羧基端与蛋白质356位和147位的酪氨酸形成氢键网络。抑制剂的5元环与蛋白质359位的亮氨酸和360位的苏氨酸相互作用,使抑制剂与蛋白质牢固结合。该复合物晶体结构的顺利解析,将为开发新型特异性抗类风湿性关节炎药物提供重要基础。     

美洲大蠊胸腺素THY3的表达模式分析

美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana胸腺素基因具有THY1、THY2和THY3三个不同剪接体,其中THY3结构域最多。本研究使用实时荧光定量PCR技术比较分析了THY3在美洲大蠊不同性别、不同发育阶段及不同组织中的表达差异,以及大肠杆菌Escherichia coli诱导对美洲大蠊血淋巴和脂肪体中THY3表达的影响。结果表明:THY3在成虫期的表达量显著高于其他虫期,雌虫表达量显著高于雄虫,脂肪体表达量显著高于血淋巴、头部、肌肉、体壁组织。雌性成虫体腔注射大肠杆菌3 h后血淋巴中THY3表达量显著增高,而在脂肪体中12 h后才检测到THY3表达明显上调,研究结果为进一步研究美洲大蠊胸腺素的功能打下了基础。     

中蜂囊状幼虫病毒结构蛋白VP2杆状病毒表达与间接ELISA方法建立

为了检测中华蜜蜂囊状幼虫病毒(Chinese sacbrood virus,CSBV)抗体水平,用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统,构建含有CSBV VP2的重组杆状病毒rBac-VP2,并在昆虫细胞中获得表达。用经过纯化的重组VP2蛋白作为包被抗原,建立CSBV抗体的间接酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测方法。结果表明成功的表达了VP2蛋白。优化反应条件后,建立的ELISA检测方法仅与CSBV阳性IgY发生特异性反应,与其它蜜蜂病毒的阳性IgY不发生交叉反应,且检测阳性IgY的灵敏度达到了1∶6 400,证明其具有良好的特异性和敏感性。批内重复与批间重复变异系数均小于10%。与CSBV全病毒包被进行比较,检测结果差异不显著,说明该方法适用于抗CSBV抗体检测。     

通用型H5亚型禽流感病毒亚单位疫苗抗原表达和免疫效力研究

H5亚型高致病性禽流感病毒因其变异快、感染性和致病性强等特点严重威胁着家禽业和人类健康。为研制具有广谱保护性的H5亚型禽流感病毒通用型亚单位疫苗,本研究分析和对比各分支H5亚型禽流感病毒的HA蛋白基因,获得HA蛋白基因共有序列,采用杆状病毒表达系统构建和表达重组HA蛋白。经IFA、Western Blot、微量血凝试验等方法鉴定重组HA蛋白,结果显示重组HA蛋白在昆虫细胞中得到正确表达,血凝效价达13log2,且与禽流感Re6、Re7和Re8阳性血清均具有较好的交叉反应活性。免疫效力试验结果显示,重组HA蛋白疫苗组血清抗体能与H5亚型禽流感病毒Re6、Re7和Re8检测抗原反应,且能诱导机体产生较高水平IFN-γ和IL-4。该研究结果可为H5亚型禽流感通用型亚单位疫苗研发提供试验基础和科学依据。     

蛙病毒同源蛋白RGV-27R和ADRV-85L的表达及其免疫原性分析

沼泽绿牛蛙病毒(Rana grylio virus,RGV)和大鲵蛙病毒(Andrias davidianus ranavirus,ADRV)同属虹彩病毒科(Iridoviridae)蛙病毒属(Ranavirus)成员,是引起水产动物高死亡率的病原。其同源早期蛋白RGV-27R和ADRV-85L与蛙病毒代表株蛙病毒3型(Frog virus 3,FV3)25R基因所编码的大小为31kD的早期蛋白P31K(FV3-P31K)同一性超过99%。我们在观察和比较RGV与ADRV感染大鲵胸腺细胞(Giant salamander thymus cell,GSTC)显微病变的基础上,将ADRV-85L和RGV-27R基因分别克隆到原核表达载体pET-32a与pMAL-p5X中,转化宿主菌E·coli BL21(DE3)并诱导表达,经十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)检测,对这两种蛋白的原核表达及其产物免疫原性进行分析。结果显示这两种基因在载体pET-32a中的表达效率要显著高于pMAL-p5X。随后,取高效诱导表达的pET-32a-RGV-27R产物,经Ni-NTA His-Bind亲和层析分离提纯,获得浓度为1.2 mg/mL的融合蛋白His-RGV-27R,用其免疫动物,制备了抗体27R-Ab,酶联免疫吸附法(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测抗体的效价为1∶6.25×10~6。用经正常大肠杆菌菌液和正常GSTC细胞悬液吸附处理后的抗体作为一抗,对被RGV或ADRV感染的GSTC细胞悬液进行Western Blot检测,并以重组原核质粒表达的融合蛋白His-RGV-27R和HisADRV-85L作为阳性对照,以正常GSTC细胞悬液为阴性对照,分别从RGV或ADRV感染的GSTC细胞悬液中,检出大小同为31kD的特异性蛋白条带。本研究证实两种蛙病毒同源早期蛋白RGV-27R和ADRV-85L不仅都能在两栖动物细胞中表达,且具有相同的抗原特性,这为深入研究这类病毒蛋白对蛙病毒复制的影响及其与宿主相互作用的分子机制提供了实验材料。     

葡萄Golden2-like转录因子家族的鉴定及其表达分析

本研究对葡萄（Vitis vinifera L.）的Golden2-like （GLK）转录因子家族进行了全基因组鉴定和表达模式分析,并利用品种‘玫瑰香’（V.vinifera cv.Muscat Hamburg）进一步验证其在低温胁迫下的响应。结果显示,葡萄Golden2-like家族共46个成员,分为5个亚族,同一亚族的保守结构域相似。46个VvGLK分别定位于细胞核、叶绿体、细胞质和过氧化物酶体中,其启动子区域含多种逆境应答顺式作用元件。基因芯片分析结果表明,22个Golden2-like基因在果实发育过程中变化显著。同时,有15、15和9个基因分别响应盐、干旱和低温胁迫。qRT-PCR分析发现26个基因参与低温应答。VvGLK41在所有胁迫处理中均下调表达。     

Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora Infection Induced ＂Defense Lignin＂ Accumulation and Lignin Biosynthetic Gene Expression in Chinese Cabbage （Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis）

Erwinia carotovora subsp, carotovora （Ecc） infects and causes soft rot disease in hundreds of crop species including vegetables, flowers and fruits. Lignin biosynthesis has been implicated in defensive reactions to injury and pathogen infection in plants. In this work, variations of lignin content and gene expression in the molecular interaction between Chinese cabbage and Ecc were investigated. H2O2 accumulation and peroxidase activity were detected by 3, 3＇- Dimethoxybenzidine staining at mocked and Ecc-inoculated sites of Chinese cabbage leafstalks. Klason lignin content in inoculated plants increased by about 7.84%, 40.37%, and 43.13% more than that of the mocked site at 12, 24 and 72 h after inoculation, respectively. Gas chromatography detected more p-coumaryl （H） and less coniferyl （G） and sinapyl （S） monolignins in leafstalks of Chinese cabbage. All three monomers increased in Ecc-infected leafstalks, and the Ecc-induced ＂defense lignin＂ were composed of more G and H monolignins, and less S monolignin. After searching the expressed sequence tags （EST） data of Chinese cabbage, 12 genes putatively encoding enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis were selected to study their expression. All of these genes could be induced by mock inoculation and Ecc infection, while the gene expression lasted for several more hours in the infected samples than in mocked and untreated plants. Our results indicated that ＂defense lignin＂ was different from the developmental lignin in composition; G and S monolignins were significantly induced in plants in response to the soft rot Ecc; thus, lignin biosynthesis was differentially regulated and played a role in plant response to the soft rot Ecc.     

Purification and characterization of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the dromedary camel

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (EC 1.2.1.12),a key enzyme ofcarbon metabolism,was purified and characterized to homogeneity from skeletal muscle of Camelusdromedarius.The protein was purified approximately 26.8 folds by conventional ammonium sulphatefractionation followed by Blue Sepharose CL-6B chromatography,and its physical and kinetic propertieswere investigated.The native protein is a homotetramer with an apparent molecular weight of approximately146 kDa.Isoelectric focusing analysis showed the presence of only one GAPDH isoform with an isoelectricpoint of 7.2.The optimum pH of the purified enzyme was 7.8.Studies on the effect of temperature onenzyme activity revealed an optimal value of approximately 28-32 ℃ with activation energy of 4.9 kcal/mol.The apparent K_m values for NAD~ and DL-glyceraldehyde-3-phophate were estimated to be 0.025±0.040mM and 0.21±0.08 mM, respectively. The V_(max) of the purified protein was estimated to be 52.7±5.9 U/mg.These kinetic parameter values were different from those described previously, reflecting protein differencesbetween species.     

Lipopolysaccharide enhances the production of nicotine-induced prostaglandin E2 by an increase in cyclooxygenase-2 expression in osteoblasts

Previous studies have indicated that lipopolysaccharide(LPS)from Gram-negative bacteria inplaque induces the release of prostaglandin E_2(PGE_2),which promotes alveolar bone resorption in periodontitis,and that tobacco smoking might be an important risk factor for the development and severity of periodontitis.We determined the effect of nicotine and LPS on alkaline phosphatase(ALPase)activity,PGE_2 production,and the expression of cyclooxygenase(COX-1,COX-2),PGE_2 receptors Ep1-4,and macrophage colonystimulating factor(M-CSF)in human osteoblastic Saos-2 cells.The cells were cultured with 10~(-3)M nicotinein the presence of 0,1,or 10μg/ml LPS,or with LPS alone.ALPase activity decreased in cells cultured withnicotine or LPS alone,and decreased further in those cultured with both nicotine and LPS,whereas PGE_2production significantly increased in the former and increased further in the latter.By itself,nicotine did notaffect expression of COX-1,COX-2,any of the PGE_2 receptors,or M-CSF,but when both nicotine and LPSwere present,expression of COX-2,Ep3,Ep4,and M-CSF increased significantly.Simultaneous addition of10~(-4)M indomethacin eliminated the effects of nicotine and LPS on ALPase activity,PGE_2 production,and M-CSF expression.Phosphorylation of protein kinase A was high in cells cultured with nicotine and LPS.Theseresults suggest that LPS enhances the production of nicotine-induced PGE_2 by an increase in COX-2 expres-sion in osteoblasts,that nicotine-LPS-induced PGE_2 interacts with the osteoblast Ep4 receptor primarily inautocrine or paracrine mode,and that the nicotine-LPS-induced PGE_2 then decreases ALPase activity andincreases M-CSF expression.     

发菜中超氧化物歧化酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

采用基因工程技术从发菜总DNA中克隆了一段的基因序列,该序列与基因库中已公布的编码地木耳（Nostoc commnue）超氧化物歧化酶的氨基酸序列同源性为97%。将该基因插入含T7启动子质粒pET-32中构建表达质粒pET-sod,然后将该表达质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21中进行蛋白表达,表达菌株用1 mmol·L^-1 IPTG诱导表达数小时后,产生较多的重组的蛋白,且该蛋白以可溶性蛋白形式存在。SDS-PAGE分析表明,在相对分子量约为22 kd的位置有一条明显蛋白质带。将诱导表达后的蛋白通过亲和层析的方法进行蛋白纯化;NBT光还原法测定表达产物的比活力,每毫克纯化蛋白约为2 550 U。对纯化后的蛋白进行高温胁迫研究,将该纯化蛋白在60℃高温下胁迫90 min后,其活性为原（未经胁迫）蛋白活性的85%。