西喜马拉雅地区气候变化与果蝇分布界限的移动(英文)

在长时间尺度上研究环境变化条件下的种群动态,有助于确定不同物种如何对新的生物和非生物条件做出反应。采纳类似的采集方法在相同的地点,分别于1961－1962年和2003－2004年在西喜马拉雅地区对果蝇种类进行了两次野外调查,对两次调查获得的种类的相对丰富度和优势度指数进行了比较。最近50年的气象数据显示西喜马拉雅平均气温（Tave）发生了显著变化,对该地区的果蝇种类组成及分布界限产生了影响。本研究发现在低海拔的地带Drosophila nepalensis及其他一些冷适应种类的数量明显下降;而Drosophila ananassae及其他一些暖适应种类则进入了低海拔和中海拔地带。D. nepalensis的丰富度与所调查地点的平均气温负相关(r = -0.93±0.03),而对于D. ananassaez则是相反趋势(r=0.90±0.05)。据此认为长期（42年）的气候变化已对西喜马拉雅地区的果蝇种类的分布格局产生了影响。     

粪食性金龟的行为及其适应演化

粪食性金龟的行为简单分为3类:粪居型(endocoprid或dwelling behaviour)、直接掘洞型(paracoprid或tunnelling behaviour)和滚粪球型(telocoprid或rolling behaviour)。文章详细阐述各类型的特点,探讨粪食性金龟行为的进化趋势和过程,并进一步阐述粪食性金龟的适应演化。     

高温对家蚕三品系血淋巴中糖水平的影响（英文）

家蚕Bombyx mori的两个二化性品系热耐受型NB4D2和热敏感型CSR2均适合于温带气候,而多化性的PM（Pure Mysore) 品系适合于热带气候,将这3种品系5龄幼虫分别置于32℃和36℃的高温下,观察高温对其5龄幼虫至蛹期血淋巴中糖含量及海藻糖酶活性的影响。结果表明： PM幼虫和蛹的死亡率均小于NB4D2和CSR2。在蜕皮期间血淋巴海藻糖水平较高,而葡萄糖水平及海藻糖酶活性较低。32℃和36℃的高温下,幼虫蜕皮期间血淋巴中糖含量及海藻糖酶活性仅在其各自的水平上表现为小幅度的增加。蜕皮后幼虫血淋巴中海藻糖含量显著下降,而葡萄糖含量和海藻糖酶活性显著上升。在较高温度下,蜕皮后幼虫血淋巴中海藻糖含量下降幅度更大,而葡萄糖含量及海藻糖酶活性上升水平也更加显著。25±1℃下取食幼虫血淋巴中葡萄糖含量显著下降,海藻糖含量显著上升;3℃和36℃下PM 和NB4D2取食幼虫血淋巴葡萄糖和海藻糖含量以及海藻糖酶活性增加,而CSR2均减少或降低。吐丝幼虫血淋巴中葡萄糖含量及海藻糖酶活性显著下降,海藻糖小幅度下降。而在较高温度下,耐热型PM 和NB4D2吐丝家蚕血淋巴糖含量含量和海藻糖酶活性明显增加,而热敏感型CSR2的则明显下降。这3种品系蛹发育期的血淋巴糖含量及海藻糖酶活性均下降。在两较高温度下,PM蛹期血淋巴糖和海藻糖酶活性增加,而NB4D2 36℃时增加幅度小于32℃时。对于CSR2,32℃时观察到其血淋巴葡萄糖含量增加,但当环境温度增加到36℃时其血淋巴葡萄糖含量降至正常水平下。然而,当CSR2的蛹置于32℃和36℃时血淋巴海藻糖含量及其酶活性下降,且36℃时下降幅度更大。因此,桑蚕对高温的适应取决于家蚕的品系及发育阶段,并可通过其血淋巴糖及海藻糖酶活性水平进行验证。     

基于Rag1基因序列变异的鲤形目鱼类系统发育重建:采样策略对生命之树的影响

The phylogenetic relationships of species are fundamental to any biological investigation, including all evolutionary studies. Accurate inferences of sister group relationships provide the researcher with an historical framework within which the attributes or geographic origin of species (or supraspecific groups) evolved. Taken out of this phylogenetic context, interpretations of evolutionary processes or origins, geographic distributions, or speciation rates and mechanisms, are subject to nothing less than a biological experiment without controls. Cypriniformes is the most diverse clade of freshwater fishes with estimates of diversity of nearly 3,500 species. These fishes display an amazing array of morphological, ecological, behavioral, and geographic diversity and offer a tremendous opportunity to enhance our understanding of the biotic and abiotic factors associated with diversification and adaptation to environments. Given the nearly global distribution of these fishes, they serve as an important model group for a plethora of biological investigations, including indicator species for future climatic changes. The occurrence of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, in this order makes this clade a critical component in understanding and predicting the relationship between mutagenesis and phenotypic expressions in vertebrates, including humans. With the tremendous diversity in Cypriniformes, our understanding of their phylogenetic relationships has not proceeded at an acceptable rate, despite a plethora of morphological and more recent molecular studies. Most studies are pre-Hennigian in origin or include relatively small numbers of taxa. Given that analyses of small numbers of taxa for molecular characters can be compromised by peculiarities of long-branch attraction and nodal-density effect, it is critical that significant progress in our understanding of the relationships of these important fishes occurs with increasing sampling of species to mitigate these potential problems. The recent Cypriniformes Tree of Life initiative is an effort to achieve this goal with morphological and molecular (mitochondrial and nuclear) data. In this early synthesis of our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of these fishes, all types of data have contributed historically to improving our understanding, but not all analyses are complementary in taxon sampling, thus precluding direct understanding of the impact of taxon sampling on achieving accurate phylogenetic inferences. However, recent molecular studies do provide some insight and in some instances taxon sampling can be implicated as a variable that can influence sister group relationships. Other instances may also exist but without inclusion of more taxa for both mitochondrial and nuclear genes, one cannot distinguish between inferences being dictated by taxon sampling or the origins of the molecular data.     

开发生物资源的最优策略

以dx/dt=rx(1-x/k)-E(t)x为模型,讨论在[0,T]时间内,在初始条件x0和终端条件xT限制下,对生物资源进行开发的最优策略。     

我国杂交水稻基因工程育种策略探讨

杂交水稻在我国水稻及粮食生产中占有突出地位 ,基因工程可在杂交水稻育种中发挥重要作用。针对杂交水稻育种存在的主要问题 ,指出应将优质、抗虫和抗病作为当前基因工程育种的研究重点。同时提出基因工程育种与常规育种紧密结合 ,优质基因工程着重改良保持系及聚合转基因等策略 ,以培育出超高产优质抗病虫转基因聚合杂交稻新组合。     

雄激素应答元件假冒DNA对PSA基因启动子的抑制作用

研究雄激素应答元件假冒DNA(AREdecoy)对前列腺特异抗原 (PSA)基因启动子的抑制作用 .联合运用报告基因和假冒DNA策略 ,构建了含PSA基因 5′侧启动子区 6 40bpDNA的萤光素酶表达载体pGL3 PSA ,与人工合成的双链硫代ARE假冒DNA共转染前列腺癌细胞株PC3 M并作用不同的时间 (2 4h、4 8h、72h) .应用双萤光素酶测定系统 ,检测萤光素酶的表达活性 .结果显示 :AREdecoyDNA显著抑制报告基因萤光素酶的表达 ,抑制率可达 95 % ,而对照decoyDNA无此作用 .作用不同的时间对萤光素酶活性的抑制无显著性差异     

蛇鮈属鱼类的形态度量学研究

对蛇Ju属鱼类进行形态度量学及主成分分析的研究结果表明：蛇Ju属共有6个有效种,分别是长蛇Ju（Sauro-gobio dumerili Bleeker）、蛇Ju（S.dabryi Bleeker）、无斑蛇Ju（S.immaculatus Koller）、细尾蛇Ju（S.gracilicaudatus Yao et Yang）湘江蛇Ju（S.xiangjiangensis Tang）和光唇蛇Ju（S.gymnocheilus Lo,Yao et Chen）。云南程海蛇Ju和其他地理区域的蛇Ju在形态上没有显著的差异,不能单列为一个种,蛇Ju属鱼类种间形态上的差异主要表现在与游泳、摄食有关的射体纵轴、头部和尾柄的性状特征上,这些都是蛇Ju属鱼类长期适应其生活环境的结果。     

谈保护青蛙的宣传策略

青蛙是人类的朋友,多年来保护青蛙的成效不尽如人意,究其原因,除了对滥捕乱猎打击不力外,可能还与宣传的策略有关。笔者近几年在进行野生动物调查和保护宣传中受到一些启发,提出来与同仁们探讨。