不同植物对黄顶菊根际土壤微生物和土壤养分的影响

[目的] 不同植物对外来入侵植物的抵御能力不同,研究不同植物对入侵植物根际土壤生态的影响可为筛选入侵植物的竞争替代植物提供科学依据。[方法] 利用同质园试验,以入侵植物黄顶菊为研究对象,设置黄顶菊单种、黄顶菊与不同植物（地肤、苘麻、苏丹草、反枝苋）混种处理,采用磷脂脂肪酸分析方法来研究不同植物对黄顶菊根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响,并结合土壤养分的变化探究不同植物对黄顶菊根际土壤生态的影响。[结果] 与黄顶菊单种相比,地肤和苘麻降低了黄顶菊根际微生物的总含量,改变了黄顶菊根际微生物群落结构。地肤、苘麻能竞争性抑制黄顶菊对铵态氮的吸收,从而抑制黄顶菊的生长。[结论] 不同植物的抵御能力与其土壤生态有关,替代植物通过改变黄顶菊根际土壤微生物,抑制黄顶菊对氮的吸收,从而抑制黄顶菊的生长,实现对黄顶菊的替代控制。     

Na^＋ and Water Uptake in Relation to the Radial Reflection Coefficient of Root in Arrowleaf Saltbush Under Salt Stress

The response of halophyte arrowleaf saltbush (Atriplex triangularis Willd) plants to a gradient of salt stress were investigated with hydroponically cultured seedlings. Under salt stress, both the Na+ uptake into root xylem and negative pressures in xylem vessels increased with the elevation of salinity (up to 500 mol/m3) in the root environment. However, the increment in negative pressures in root xylem far from matches the decrease in the osmotic potential of the root bathing solutions, even when the osmotic potential of xylem sap is taken into consideration. The total water potential of xylem sap in arrowleaf saltbush roots was close to the osmotic potential of root bathing solutions when the salt stress was low, but a progressively increased gap between the water potential of xylem sap and the osmotic potential of root bathing solutions was observed when the salinity in the root environment was enhanced. The maximum gap was 1.4 MPa at a salinity level of 500 mol/m3 without apparent dehydration of the tested plants. This discrepancy could not be explained with the current theories in plant physiology. The radial reflection coefficient of root in arrowleaf saltbush decreased with the enhanced salt stress was and accompanied by an increase in the Na+ uptake into xylem sap. However, the relative Na+ in xylem exudates based on the corresponding NaCl concentration in the root bathing solutions showed a tendency of decrease. The results showed that the reduction in the radial reflection coefficient of roots in the arrowleaf saltbush did not lead to a mass influx of NaCl into xylem when the radial reflection coefficient of the root was considerably small; and that arrowleaf saltbush could use small xylem pressures to counterbalance the salt stresses, either with the uptake of large amounts of salt, or with the development of xylem pressures dangerously negative. This strategy could be one of the mechanisms behind the high resistance of arrowleaf saltbush plants to salt stress.     

The origin of herbivory on land： Initial patterns of plant tissue consumption by arthropods

The early fossil record of terrestrial arthropod herbivory consists of two pulses. The first pulse was concentrated during the latest Silurian to Early Devonian （417 to 403 Ma）, and consists of the earliest evidence for consumption of sporangia and stems （and limited fungivore borings）. Herbivorization of most of these tissues was rapid, representing 0 to 20 million-year （m.y.） lags from the earliest occurrences of these organs in the fossil record to their initial consumption （Phase 1）. For approximately the next 75 m.y., there was a second, more histologically varied origination and expansion of roots, leaves, wood and seeds, whose earliest evidence for herbivorization occurred from the Middle-Late Mississippian boundary to the Middle Pennsylvanian （327 to 309 Ma）. The appearance of this second herbivory pulse during the later Paleozoic （Phase 2） is accompanied by major lags of 98 to 54 m.y. between times of appearance of each of the four organ and tissue types and their subsequent herbivory. Both pulses provide a context for three emerging questions. First is an explanation for the contrast between the near instantaneous consumption of plant tissues during Phase 1, versus the exceptionally long lags between the earliest occurrences of plant tissues and their subsequent herbivorization during Phase 2. Second is the identity of arthropod herbivores for both phases. Third is the cause behind the overwhelming targeting of seed-fern plant hosts during Phase 2. Regardless of the answers to these questions, the trace fossil record of plant-arthropod associations provides primary ecological data that remain unaddressed by the body-fossil record alone.     

Temperature-dependent development of Xyleborus fornicatus （Coleoptera： Scolytidae）, the shot-hole borer of tea in Sri Lanka： Implications for distribution and abundance

The effect of temperature on the rate of development of Xyleborus fornicatus （Eichh.） was determined by rearing individuals under a range of constant temperatures （15 - 32℃）. Rates of development changed in a linear fashion over a wide range of temperatures. Estimates of lower development thresholds were obtained for eggs （15.7±0.5℃）, larvae （15.8±0.8℃） and pupae （14.3±1.4℃） and the degree days （DD） for development were 70±4.4, 95±8.5 and 72±5.1 DD, respectively. Optimum temperature for development was around 30~C for all stages. Temperature fluctuation in cooler High Country areas （above 1400 m） with a mean temperature around 15℃ seems to be critical for the development of the pest, which may be responsible for the near absence of pest in those areas. Temperature fluctuations （18- 30℃） in the Mid Country region （600- 1200 m） favor the development of the pest compared to development under constant conditions. The altitudinal distribution of the shot-hole borer across tea growing areas in Sri Lanka is, therefore, mainly governed by temperature.     

根癌农杆菌介导的高效大豆遗传转化体系的建立

利用根癌农杆菌对来自大豆成熟种子的胚尖进行遗传转化,研究了影响农杆菌介导大豆转化的各种因素,建立了一套优化的大豆遗传转化体系。研究结果表明:菌株KYRT1比EHA105和LBA4404具有更强的侵染能力;较酸的共培养基(pH5.4)、较低的培养温度(22℃)均有利于提高转化效率;恢复培养和分步抗性筛选方式有利于提高抗性组织的存活率和分化率。同时应用这种优化的遗传转化体系,获得了7个大豆品系的转基因植株,转化频率为4.29%-18%。经过PCR和Southern分析证明外源的双价抗虫基因cryIA(c)和pta已经整合到大豆的基因组中。     

向日葵根石油醚萃取部分化学成分研究

利用75%乙醇对向日葵根化学成分进行提取;再用萃取法将向日葵根化学成分乙醇提取物分为石油醚萃取物浸膏、乙酸乙酯萃取物漫膏、正丁醇萃取物浸膏;最后用常压硅胶色谱从石油醚萃取物漫膏中分离得到1个甾体类化合物A,经质谱、碳核磁共振和氢核磁共振谱鉴定,确定出其结构为β-谷甾醇。     

栽培稻种质资源的深根比鉴定评价北大核心CSCD

干旱是水稻生产中最严重的非生物胁迫,增强根系对深层土壤水分的吸取能力是提高水稻抗旱性的重要育种目标。为筛选优异抗旱稻种资源,本研究对2234份栽培稻种质资源进行了以深根比为鉴定指标的避旱性鉴定评价,在水分梯度抗旱大棚中对131份具有不同深根比的种质进行了孕穗期抗旱性鉴定评价。供试材料的深根比变异范围为8.6%~60.1%,平均深根比为25.8%,47.2%材料的深根比集中在20%~30%之间,25.2%材料的深根比低于20%,深根比超过40%的高深根比种质仅占6.1%;国外材料中高深根比种质比例达到了24.4%,其次是上海(17.9%)和湖南(15.6%),广东、贵州和广西的高深根比种质比例均低于1%;地方品种的深根比略高于育成品种(系),地方品种的高深根比种质比例也高于育成品种(系);粳稻深根比高于籼稻深根比,粳稻中高深根比种质比例是籼稻的3.6倍;在籼稻种质中,湖南籼稻材料中高深根比种质比例较高,而广东、广西和贵州等省的籼稻种质中都只有1份高深根比种质。孕穗期抗旱性鉴定结果显示,高深根比种质中的高抗旱材料比例是低深根比材料的3.2倍、是中等深根比材料的2.0倍。综合分析干旱胁迫和正常水分条件下的结实率以及两种情况下的每穗粒数比值和结实率比值等抗旱性鉴定指标,筛选获得26份抗旱性优异材料,可作为水稻节水抗旱育种优良亲本和应用于抗旱基因挖掘。     

苏铁Cycas revoluta珊瑚根内生真菌的多样性

苏铁类植物是目前发现的唯一一类具有珊瑚根结构的裸子植物,是探究植物-微生物互作的理想材料。本研究通过高通量测序技术对中国13个地区栽培苏铁Cycas revoluta珊瑚根中的内生真菌组成及多样性进行分析,结果表明苏铁内生真菌多样性较高,但各地区间内生真菌的组成及多样性差异不显著,显示苏铁和珊瑚根内生真菌的共生与栽培地无关。     

热带亚热带26种蕨类植物的吸收根解剖特征

植物吸收根的生理功能是从土壤中吸收水分和营养物质, 研究其解剖结构有助于揭示植物的环境适应策略。热带亚热带地区蕨类植物丰富, 生态和经济价值较高, 但目前对这一重要植物类群的吸收根解剖特征的研究仍然缺乏。该研究测定了分布在热带亚热带地区4种典型森林的共26种蕨类植物吸收根的解剖特征, 分析它们的种间差异, 结合系统发育与全球自然分布区的气候因子解释根系性状的变异。同时, 通过收集亚热带木本被子植物和温带蕨类植物相关的已发表数据, 比较不同类群的根系性状相关关系的差异。结果表明: (1)这些蕨类植物吸收根特征的种间差异显著, 8个根系性状的种间变异系数范围为20.61%-41.75%。(2)除皮层厚度外根系性状无显著的系统发育信号, 说明性状变异受系统发育的影响较小; 气候因子显著影响根系特征, 根直径和皮层厚度随着最干月(季)降水量减少而增大。(3)随着吸收根直径的减小, 亚热带木本被子植物趋于具有更低的皮层厚度/中柱直径比值, 而蕨类植物则相反; 与温带蕨类相比, 该研究中蕨类植物具有更大的根直径、皮层厚度和管胞直径。该研究有助于提高对热带亚热带蕨类植物根系生理生态适应性的认识。     

海草根际微生物与海草植株的互作效应

【目的】本文以三亚湾泰来草根际沉积物为主要研究对象,研究室内培养条件下泰来草根际沉积物微生物对于高温处理和海草定殖的响应。【方法】通过对培养过程中水体物理化学参数(如pH、溶解氧、磷酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和铵盐)的监测以分析环境因子的变化;16S rRNA扩增子测序研究微生物群落结构的动态响应;通过荧光定量分析16SrRNA基因丰度变化。【结果】研究表明高温处理组在培养35 d后海水中磷酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和铵盐含量以及pH均要高于模拟原位环境的对照组,高温处理组根际沉积物微生物丰度在培养过程中呈现先上升后降低的趋势,同时,高温处理组根际微生物中初始阶段由厚壁菌门(32.4%)、变形菌门(22.92%)和梭杆菌门(27.21%)占据优势,培养一段时间后,厚壁菌门和梭杆菌门大幅度减少,逐渐被蓝细菌门和放线菌门所替代,最终由变形菌门(51.1%)占据主导地位,其中,属于硫还原细菌的脱硫杆菌科(Desulfobacteraceae)和硫氧化细菌的螺杆菌科(Helicobacteraceae)的细菌丰度不断提高。【结论】揭示了海草的定殖会提高高温处理后沉积物的多样性,并塑造和改善其根际沉积物微生物群落组成。