日本落叶松人工林种群自然稀疏规律的研究

一、前言日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)原产日本。种群地理分布范围为北纬35°20′—38°10′,东经136°45′—140°30′,海拔高度为1000—2800m。1900年引入我国,以其较强的适应性“定居”下来,而且生长速度在抚顺地区远比长白落叶松(L.olgensis var.changpaiensis)、兴安落叶松(L.gmelinii)为快;我国黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、山东、山西、陕西、北京、河南、河北、江西、湖北、四川以及新疆等地都有人工栽培,而以吉林、辽宁东部栽培面积较大,在年平均气温2.5—12.0℃、年降水量500—1400mm 的水热条件下能正常生长。     

《自然-通讯》：科学家发明可激活抑癌基因物质

蛋白质P53是一种重要的抑癌基因,又被称为癌变克星。它能促使受损的细胞自杀,防止产生癌变,但这个基因常常失效。凯泽等人利用计算机模拟和实验室检验发现,Stictin能够部分激活癌细胞中处于休眠状态的蛋白质P53,使其重新发挥作用。     

人工模拟条件下青海湖裸鲤自然繁殖环境条件需求研究

为对青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)的自然繁殖需求条件进行定量研究, 实验结合青海湖裸鲤自然产卵场原位生境调查, 通过室内人工模拟构建产卵环境诱发野生亲鱼自然繁殖, 解答可控环境中青海湖裸鲤自然繁殖的环境需求。结果表明, 青海湖裸鲤自然繁殖发生与水温、水深、流速、光照及底质因素密切相关, 其中卵石河床质较细砂等底质环境可显著提升自然交配诱导率及繁殖效果; 在合适的底质条件下, 青海湖裸鲤自然繁殖的适宜条件: 水深为0.15—0.2 m、流速为0.2—0.4 m/s、水温为10.8—14.3℃; 15D﹕9L比例的光周期有利于促进青海湖裸鲤自然繁殖的发生。在人工模拟环境中, 水深≥0.45 m、流速≥0.8 m/s、温度≥17℃或≤6℃、全光照等环境中未观测到自然繁殖活动的发生, 这些被认为是其自然繁殖环境的限制条件。研究阐明了可控环境中青海湖裸鲤野生亲鱼自发产卵繁殖的环境需求, 构建人工模拟产卵环境技术, 为自然产卵场生境调查评估、改进人工繁育模式提供技术支撑和新思路。     

Variation in the timing of river entry of Atlantic salmon （Salmo salar L. ） in the Baltic

The timing of river entry in the Atlantic salmon is known to depend on genetic, demographic and environmental factors, but little is known about the relative magnitude of among population and among year variation and covariation in this respect in natural state Atlantic salmon rives. To investigate this, variability in the timing of river entry in three historical Finnish Atlantic salmon populations were analyzed using salmon trap data collected during 1870- 1902. The analyses reveled that 1 ） the timing of river entry differed substantially and consistently among the rivers, and that 2） variation among the rivers was much larger than variation among years. Annual variations were not explained by regional environmental conditions, whereas in one river the timing of the local flood peak was a significant predictor of the timing of river entry. Differences in the timing of salmon entry to geographically closely situated rivers suggests that a regionally fixed opening date for coastal fisheries might not be the best management strategy as it may lead to uneven exploitation of salmon populations from different rivers [ Current Zoology 55 （5） ： 342 - 349, 2009] .     

小麦干尖叶的遗传研究初报

小麦干尖叶是近年在小麦育种中所发现的一种叶部坏死性状,直接影响小麦的产量。本文以具有干尖叶与正常叶这一相对性状的部分小麦品种(系)为基本材料,采用正反杂交、正反回交及杂种后代分析和异源细胞质替换,首次对干尖叶的遗传及性状传递规律进行了研究。结果表明:干尖叶性状与一般杂种坏死与黄化截然不同, 并非仅杂种所具有,能作为纯系稳定遗传; 其表型受核内一对主效显性基因所控制,即使采用异源细胞质替换, 以特定质核互作也难以克服这一性状的对外表达,只有通过杂交与后代选择,纯化与稳定隐性正常叶方可克服。 Abstract:In this paper,the inheritance and transmission law of the character for wheat leaf-tip necrosis were firstly investigated with the contrasting character of leaf-tip necrosis and normal leaf in wheat varieties for basic test materials by reciprocal crosses and backcrosses,hybrid progeny analysis and aliencytoplasm substitution.The results indicated that the wheat leaf-tip necrosis is abviously different from the hybrid necrosis and hybrid chlorosis.It is not only expressed in hybrid but also stable inheritance as pureline.Its phenotype is conditioned by a pair major dominant gene.It is not overcome even if special interaction of nucleus-cytoplasm after alien cytoplasm substitution.Only be the varieties or lines with normal leaf obtained by crossing and selecting stable normal leaf character with recessive gene.     

半夏种内居群形态变异的模糊聚类分析

在同一栽培条件下,对主要引自长江中下游地区的１５个半夏〔Ｐｉｎｅｌｉａｔｅｒｎａｔａ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ．）Ｂｒｅｉｔ．〕居群的１６个主要形态性状进行模糊聚类分析,在置信水平λ＝０．６７６４时,将１５个居群划分成４个类型：（１）双珠芽类型：主要形态特征为叶柄上均具双珠芽,但叶型和块茎形状变异较小;（２）普通类型：主要形态特征为叶柄上均只着生单珠芽,但叶型和块茎形状变异较大;（３）长茎类型：主要形态特征为叶柄上具单珠芽,但着生位置较低,块茎呈矩圆形;（４）复合类型：主要形态特征为叶柄上具单珠芽,但居群内常有双珠芽个体出现。     

松材线虫自然侵染后松树还原糖与矿质营养元素的变化

实验测定了马尾松Pinus massoniana、黑松Pinus thunbergii在松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus自然侵染状态下针叶内还原糖及矿质营养元素的变化趋势。结果表明,两种松树随病程发展针叶内还原糖及N元素含量均逐渐降低;其余矿质元素含量变化不一。表明由于松材线虫的侵入,破坏了植物的组织结构,影响了寄主的新陈代谢和物质循环,继而影响到对各种元素的吸收、转移及利用。