Perspectives on the origin of microfilaments,microtubules, the relevant chaperonin system and cytoskeletal motors--a commentary on the spirochaete origin of flagella

The origin of cytoskeleton and the origin of relevant intracelluar transportation system are big problemsfor understanding the emergence of eukaryotic cells. The present article snmmarized relevant information of evidences and molecular traces on the origin of actin, tubulin, the chaperonin system for folding them,myosins, kinesins, axonemal dyneins and cytoplasmic dyneins. On this basis the authors proposed a seriesof works, which should be done in the future, and indicated the ways for reaching the targets.These targets are mainly: 1) the reconstruction of evolutionary path from MreB protein of archaeal ancestor ofeukaryotic cells to typical actin; 2) the finding of the MreB or MreB-related proteins in crenarchaea andusing them to examine J. A. Lake‘‘s hypothesis on the origin of eukaryote from “eocytes“ (crenarchaea);3) the examinations of the existence and distribution of cytoskeleton made of MreB-related protein withincoccoid archaea, especially in amoeboid archaeon Thermoplasm acidophilnm; 4) using Thermoplasma asa model of archaeal ancestor of eukaryotic cells; 5) the searching for the homolog of ancestral dynein inpresent-day living archaea. During the writing of this article, Margulis‘‘ famous spirochaete hypothesis onthe origin of flagella and cilia was unexpectedly involved and analyzed from aspects of tubulin.% dyneinsand spirochaetes. Actually, spirochaete cannot be reasonably ass,med as the ectosymbiotic ancestor of eukaryotic flagella and cilia, since their swing depends upon large amount of bacterial flagella beneath theflexible outer wall, but not depends upon their intracelluar tubules and the assumed dyneins. In this case,if they had “evolved“ into cilia and lost their bacterial fiagella, they would immediately become immobile!In fact, tubulin and dynein-like proteins have not been found in any spirochaete.     

细胞骨架与细胞凋亡及细胞内信息通路的关系

细胞骨架是细胞内最高级的组织者和管理者,根据功能将各种细胞器相对集中在细胞内的某一区域,并通过多种信息通路相互联系,使细胞内部形成一个"城市",各服务器进行有序的工作.此时,一些信号通过一定的作用模式,如诱导因素通过第二信使系统将信号传入细胞内,最终汇集到公共通道,改变细胞基因表达的类型、水平及其时序性,最后导致生理反应或程序性细胞死亡中特征性生物化学改变,但这种细胞内外的信号-受体-胞内传递-基因转录-应答反应的传递方式并不是一条龙式的单一联系,各条途径之间存在着多方式、多水平的横向联系和交互作用,形成信号传递网络.基于细胞骨架在细胞内的特殊地位和功能,可以相信,通过对细胞骨架及其与细胞内某些分子关系的研究,将有助于深入了解细胞内的信息传递规律,为揭示细胞内分子在体现细胞生物学特性方面的有机联系提供证据.     

Immunolcocalization of actin in intact and DNA—and histone—depleted nuclei and chromosomes of allium cepa

The presence of actin in eukaryotic nuclei and chromosomes,and especially in higher plant nuclei and chromosomes,has not been well established.We detected actin in meristematic cells of Allium cepa with indirect immunofluorescence technique and observed bright fluorescence in the intact nuclei and chromosomes,indicating that actin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes of the higher plant.We labeld sections of the meristematic cells of A.cepa with immunogold technique,gold parti cles were concentrated in condensed chromatin and nucleoli,confirming the results of the immunofluoresence observations.We traeated the nuclei and chromosomes of A.cepa with DNase I and 2M NaCl and obtained DNA-and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes.Indirect immunofluorescence tests showed that the DNA-and histonedepleted nuclei and chromosomes reacted positively with the anti-actin antibodies.These results demonstrate that the anti-actin antibodies.These results demonstrate that actin exists not only in intact nuclei and chromosomes,but also in DNA-and histone-depleted nuclei and chrmosomes of the plant.In addition,our immuno-fluorescence tests indicate that tropomyosin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes of A.cepa.     

核仁骨架(核仁基质)的结构与成分——肌动蛋白与fibrillarin是核仁骨架的主要成分

将分离纯化的HeLa细胞核仁经非离子去垢剂、核酸酶、低盐及高盐选择性抽提结合DGD包埋去包埋技术 ,在电镜下显示了HeLa细胞的核仁骨架呈精细网络结构 .BHK -2 1细胞及小鼠肝细胞的核仁骨架与HeLa细胞的核仁骨架结构相类似 .对HeLa细胞的核仁骨架的蛋白成分进行了分析 .结果表明核仁骨架蛋白组成与核基质及染色体骨架有明显差异 .HeLa细胞核仁骨架的蛋白成分主要包括分子量为48,43,36及 33ku左右的 6～ 7种多肽 .证明分子量为 43ku的肌动蛋白与 36ku的fibrillarin是构成核仁骨架的两种主要蛋白成分     

Prefoldins 3 and 5 Play an Essential Role in Arabidopsis Tolerance to Salt Stress

During the last years, our understanding of the mechanisms that control plant response to salt stress has been steadily progressing. Pharmacological studies have allowed the suggestion that the cytoskeleton may be involved in regulating such a response. Nevertheless, genetic evidence establishing that the cytoskeleton has a role in plant tolerance to salt stress has not been reported yet. Here, we have characterized Arabidopsis T-DNA mutants for genes encoding proteins orthologous to prefoldin （PFD） subunits 3 and 5 from yeast and mammals. In these organisms, PFD subunits, also known as Genes Involved in Microtubule biogenesis （GIM）, form a heterohexameric PFD complex implicated in tubulin and actin folding. We show that, indeed, PFD3 and PFD5 can substitute for the loss of their yeast orthologs, as they are able to complement yeast gim2Δ and gim5Δ mutants, respectively. Our results indicate that pfd3 and pfd5 mutants have reduced levels of α- and β-tubulin compared to the wild-type plants when growing under both control and salt-stress conditions. In addition, pfd3 and pfd5 mutants display alterations in their developmental patterns and microtubule organization, and, more importantly, are hypersensitive to high concentrations of NaCl but not of LiCl or mannitol. These results demonstrate that the cytoskeleton plays an essential role in plant tolerance to salt stress.     

α-平滑肌肌动蛋白在人胸主动脉夹层中的表达

目的:探讨胸主动脉壁中α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的表达与胸主动脉夹层(TAD)的关系。方法:采集人TAD的动脉壁组织和正常人胸主动脉壁组织,采用Western Blotting和免疫组织化学方法检测α-SMA在组织中的表达程度。结果:在DA组中,α-SMA的表达明显减少,血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)以增殖表型为主。结论α-SMA的减少主要发生在血管中膜层的VSMC中,细胞发生表型变化,导致中膜弹性变差,发生夹层病变。因此,α-SMA可能在TAD的发病中具有重要作用,值得进一步深入探讨。     

细菌中的独行侠

它在细胞质中穿棱留下一条长长的聚合肌动蛋白尾巴,变化一下RNA结构便能激活大量的毒力因子？并将RNA转录物的密码子隐藏在错误的DNA链上,利斯塔氏菌谱写着自己的生存法则。     

细菌脂多糖诱导人单核细胞株对细菌脂蛋白的耐受性及其与肌动蛋白骨架关系

细菌脂多糖(LPS)可诱导宿主对LPS的耐受,但对细菌脂蛋白(BLP)是否存在交叉耐受,目前报道不一。采用人单核细胞株(THP-1),建立小剂量LPS诱导THP-1对LPS耐受的细胞模型;观察细胞肌动蛋白骨架、炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的浓度及NF-κB的DNA结合活力的变化情况;探讨BLP交叉耐受及细胞骨架在其中的作用。结果显示,THP-1细胞经小剂量(10ng/ml)LPS、大剂量(100ng/ml)LPS或BLP刺激后,细胞形态严重变形,肌动蛋白重组,细胞周边肌动蛋白丝带消失,出现明显的肌动蛋白收缩团块及伪足,细胞核内NF-κB的DNA结合活性显著升高,培养上清液中炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6)的释放显著增加;而小剂量LPS预刺激12h后,再用大剂量的LPS或BLP刺激6h,上述指标明显改善;采用细胞骨架肌动蛋白聚集破坏剂鬼笔环肽预处理后的THP-1细胞,可取消由小剂量LPS诱导的自身耐受及对BLP的交叉耐受;可见,细菌LPS、BLP(100ng/ml)可诱导THP-1细胞肌动蛋白骨架的改变,激活NF-κB信号通路,诱导炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6过度释放,激活宿主炎症细胞的炎症反应;而小剂量LPS预刺激后可诱导出THP-1细胞对LPS的自身耐受和对BLP的交叉耐受;细胞骨架肌动蛋白参与了小剂量LPS诱导THP-1细胞对LPS自身耐受和对BLP交叉耐受的形成。     

Rho蛋白和细胞骨架的关系

Rho蛋白作为细胞信号转导的分子开关之一,在细胞骨架动态变化中发挥着极其重要的作用。Rho蛋白对细胞骨架动态变化的调节是一个复杂的信号传递过程,涉及到Rho蛋白介导的信号通路中不同效应物间和Rho蛋白介导的多条信号通路间的相互作用。在Rho蛋白介导的信号通路中,上游调控因子、Rho蛋白、效应物在细胞中的正确定位对信号传递有着决定性的作用。     

不同应变对骨髓间充质干细胞系细胞骨架影响的研究

目的:探讨不同应变对骨髓间充质干细胞系细胞骨架形态的影响。方法:实验分为六组,Ⅰ组(静态培养)、Ⅱ组(静态培养 细胞松驰素B)、Ⅲ组(10%应变12h)、Ⅳ组(10%应变12h 细胞松驰素B)、Ⅴ组(10%应变24h)、Ⅵ组(10%应变24h 细胞松驰素B)。分别对其施加10%0.5Hz的周期性应变,采用激光共聚焦显微镜技术和考马斯亮蓝染色方法对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞系(D1细胞)细胞骨架进行形态观察、细胞F-肌动蛋白表达定量分析。结果:细胞受到不同周期性应变后,细胞的排列方向发生改变,细胞内的F-肌动蛋白排列同细胞的方向一致,随着拉伸时间的延长,F-肌动蛋白发生部分的断裂,F-肌动蛋白的荧光强度同静态组相比明显减弱(P<0.01);当加入细胞松驰素B后,细胞内F-肌动蛋白结构发生改变,在力的作用下,细胞内微丝断裂明显,随着拉伸时间的延长,微丝断裂更为加剧,F-肌动蛋白的荧光强度同静态组相比显著减弱(P<0.01)。结论:不同周期性应变对细胞微丝结构产生一定的影响,微丝在细胞感应力的响应中起重要作用。