7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗对小于90天的婴儿侵袭性肺炎球菌性疾病的影响

背景：肺炎链球菌是一种非同寻常的尚不被十分了解的在幼小婴儿中引起侵袭陛细菌性疾病的原因。本项研究目的在于测定7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗（PCV7）对苏格兰和威尔士年龄小于90天的婴儿中侵袭性肺炎球菌病（IPD）的影响,并且描述了PCV7引入后这种疾病的临床特征。     

腹部手术与肠道细菌移位和内源性感染

目的 人体肠道定植着大量的细菌,正常情况下肠道菌群与机体处于动态平衡,腹部外科手术的刺激和创伤可以破坏肠道正常的菌群结构和屏障功能,使细菌的数量、比例发生改变或空间上发生移位,引发内源性感染,最终导致机体各种功能障碍.研究分析腹部外科手术对肠道细菌及屏障功能的影响,为今后预防和治疗提供理论依据.     

1株来自瘤胃液菌株RB1在降解秸秆中的作用

木质纤维素中木糖残基大量乙酰化,导致半纤维素的降解受阻。半纤维素支链水解断裂,可以解除其空间位阻效应,利于木质纤维素彻底降解。采用产乙酰酯酶活力较高的菌株RB1降解玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆。研究结果表明,菌株RB1对玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆中半纤维素降解率分别高达53.87%和51.67%。同时该菌株对秸秆中木质素降解率分别达到35.50%和35.01%。该菌株与其他降解纤维素能力较强的菌株共同发酵,会对木质纤维素类物质有更高降解率。该菌株在生物转化木质纤维素类物质方面,具有一定的潜在应用价值。     

不同提取剂对粗细菌素提取效果的影响

摸索并建立了粗提细菌素的方法。从粗提细菌素的能力和活性保留两个方面,比较了酸沉淀法和硫酸铵沉淀法的优劣。结果发现,相对于硫酸铵沉淀法,酸沉淀法能够获得更多的粗细菌素,蛋白总量提高了28.7%。且酸沉淀法得到的粗细菌素的比活性比硫酸铵沉淀法提高了55.5%,单位效价是硫酸铵沉淀法的2倍。比较了不同有机溶剂抽提以上沉淀物,综合考虑细菌素得率及活性,发现三氯甲烷的抽提效果较好。     

New microbiota found in sputum from patients with community-acquired pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumonia （CAP） is a major concern in hospitals and the bacterial community of which has not been systemically discussed yet. Sputum from patients in the acute stages is a kind of accessible sample reflecting its fea- tures. In our study, we analyzed 45 sputum samples from 45 patients with CAP. Eighteen sputum samples from healthy people were chosen as the controls. Pyrosequencing of the 16s rDNA V3 hypervariable regions of aH the bacteria con- tained in the sputum was used as a culture-independent method to disclose the community constitution. Also, our published data for hospital-acquired pneumonia （HAP） in sputum was used for comparison. By pyrosequencing, 〉90,000 DNA reads were detected. After being analyzed by tools in the Ribosomal Database Project, the reads were clas- sified into five main phyla and 〉100 genera. At the phyla level, the reads＇ distribution of CAP is similar to that of healthy people and at genera level, the occurrence of each genus possesses their feature in three categories. Genera such as Streptococcus and Neisseria showed stability in their percentages, indicating that such genera are rarely affected by exogenous bacteria or antibiotics. The role of other genera such as Moraxella and Rothia in CAP should be emphasized. According to our analysis, the bacterial communities of CAP are with slight change when compared with those of healthy people, but have a large gap between HAP. Meanwhile, Rothia might be an important endogenous pneumonia-causing factor.     

Formaldehyde induces toxic effects and regulates the expression of damage response genes in BM-MSCs

In this study, we assessed the toxic effects of formaldehyde （FA） on mouse bone marrow mesenchymai stem cells （BM- MSCs）. Cytotoxicity was measured by using MTT assay. DNA strand breakage was detected by standard alkaline comet assay and comet assay modified with proteinase K （PK）. DNA-protein crosslinks （DPCs） were detected by KCI-SDS precipitation assay. We found that FA at a con- centration from 75 to 200 μM inhibited cell survival and induced DPCs over 125 μM. The PK-modified comet assay showed that FA-induced DNA strand breakage was increased in a dose-dependent manner from 75 to 200 μM. On the other hand, standard alkaline comet assay showed that DNA strand breakage was decreased with FA concen- tration over 125 μM. We confirmed by using Pearson cor- relation that there was a negative linear correlation between DPCs and survival rate （r = -0.987, P 〈 0.01） and positive linear relationships between DPCs and （i） sister chromatid exchange and （ii） micronucleus （r = 0.995, P〈 0.01; r = 0.968, P〈 0.01）. DNA damage RTz profiler polymerase chain reaction array was used to investigate the changes in the expression of damage response genes. Xpa and Xpc of the nucleotide excision repair pathway and Brca2, Rad51, and Xrcc2 of the homologous recombination pathway were all up-regulated in both 75 and 125 μM FA. However, the same genes were down-regulated with 175 μM FA. The expressions of Chekl and Husl, which are involved in cell cycle regulation, were altered in the same manner with 75, 125, and 175 μM FA. These results indicated that Xpa, Xpc, Brca2, Rad51, Xrcc2, Chekl, and Husl were essential for the BM-MSCs to counteract the effects of FA.     

改良头部术区备皮液在临床的应用

目的:拟研究改良备皮液对比传统备皮液所用时间、患者舒适度及切口感染率,为临床提供一种新的、有效的备皮溶液.方法:将我科180例手术患者随机分为观察组与对照组,对照组采用肥皂水的方法进行头部备皮,观察组采用改良头部备皮液进行头部备皮,根据所用时间、患者舒适度及切口感染率作为评定指标,观察收集数据,并同时将两组数据进行比较及统计学分析.结果:观察组的皮肤划痕各级别数量明显小于对照组;患者接受备皮时的有关感受和备皮后询问,对疼痛的反应观察组小于对照组;观察组的备皮区域细菌数及备皮所用时间也均小于对照组,两组间各数据比较均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:术前头部皮肤准备为神经外科预防术后切口感染的重要防治性措施之一.采用改良备皮液备皮可以减少皮肤划痕,提高舒适度,降低切口感染率,缩短备皮所需时间,提高工作效率值得推广.     

不同肠内营养对结肠癌患者围手术期内肠粘膜屏障与肠形态的影响

目的:观察不同的肠内营养物对结肠癌围手术期肠粘膜屏障和肠粘膜形态的影响.方法:160例结肠癌患者随机分成4组,所有患者行标准的结肠癌根治术,在术前3天开始肠道准备,分别在术前和术后给第Ⅰ组患者静脉营养;Ⅱ组给予标准的要素营养;Ⅲ组给予普通的肠内营养物混合物;Ⅳ组给予安素,所有患者行标准的结肠癌根治术,利用形态评分系统记录的各组结肠粘膜的变化(0-5),在术后通过内毒素和二胺氧化酶观察比较了各组肠粘膜屏障的变化.结果:给予安素的患者(Ⅳ组)与其他组相比,细菌移位显著降低,各组患者的内毒素水平经治疗后逐渐下降,其中Ⅱ-Ⅳ组在治疗后的1,4,7天均低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),特别是第4组血浆内毒素水平明显低于其它各组(P＜0.05).组织学变化的评分显示在第Ⅳ组(安素)和第Ⅰ-Ⅲ组(静脉或者其它肠内营养物)之间相比具有显著差异(P=0.001),(Ⅰ到Ⅳ组)得分分别为:2.35±0.72,1.92±1.07,1.75±1.03,0.92±0.95.结论:安素能够保护肠粘膜,降低细菌移位.     

南海东海岛沉积物分离细菌的鉴定及其抑菌活性

[背景] 海洋微生物在活性物质开发方面具有巨大的应用前景,而目前有关南海东海岛微生物的研究鲜少。[方法] 对从东海岛沉积物中分离纯化的海洋细菌,采用形态学观察、生理生化以及16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析方法进行鉴定;以大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）和金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）作为指示菌,测定其抑菌活性;对具有抑菌活性的菌株扩增聚酮合酶（Polyketide synthase I,PKSI）基因,并与已知的PKSI氨基酸序列比对;选择具有PKSI基因的代表菌株,检测菌株及其发酵抑菌物的稳定性。[结果] 分离纯化到25株海洋细菌,分属于不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、交替单胞菌属（Alteromonas）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）、假交替单胞菌属（Pseudo-alteromonas）、海洋单胞菌属（Oceanimonas）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）、微球菌属（Micrococcus）和海杆菌属（Marinobacter）。12株菌株通过基因筛选检测到PKSI编码基因,其中6株菌株具有抑菌活性和PKSI编码基因,并分属于芽孢杆菌属和交替单胞菌属;PKSI氨基酸序列同源性分析推测菌株DHD-15和DHD-a可能产生新的I型聚酮合酶结构。菌株DHD-15和DHD-L生长温度范围为15-40℃,可耐受10% NaCl高盐以及pH 3和pH 11的酸碱条件,但不耐高温;菌株DHD-15产生的抑菌物质可耐受100℃和pH 11的高温碱性条件,在50℃、pH 9条件下制备和室温保藏条件下抑菌活性较高,其稳定性较好。[结论] 南海东海岛沉积物筛选的细菌种具有抑菌活性,具有产聚酮类活性物质的潜力。     

改良的乳鼠原代心房肌细胞的培养及鉴定方法

目的:主要探讨原代心房肌细胞的培养及鉴定方法,为进一步研究心房颤动的重构机制及治疗方法奠定基础。方法:选取1-3 d的SD乳鼠40只,雌雄不限,分离心房、心室肌,胰酶联合EDTA充分消化心房肌细胞,利用心房肌与成纤维细胞的差速贴壁及细胞传代方法纯化心房肌细胞,免疫细胞化学染色鉴定心房肌细胞。结果:心房肌细胞培养至第3天,可见心房肌细胞覆盖率高达90%,并出现波动性,免疫细胞化学染色可见90%的心房肌细胞肌经α-肌动蛋白抗体染色阳性。结论:经酶化学消化法可成功培养出原代心房肌细胞,是一种较好的培养及鉴定乳鼠心房肌细胞的方法。