ABA-Mediated Inhibition of Germination Is Related to the Inhibition of Genes Encoding Cell-Wall Biosynthetic and Architecture： Modifying Enzymes and Structural Proteins in Medicago truncatula Embryo Axis

Radicle emergence and reserves mobilization are two distinct programmes that are thought to control germination. Both programs are influenced by abscissic acid （ABA） but how this hormone controls seed germination is still poorly known. Phenotypic and microscopic observations of the embryo axis of Medicago truncatula during germination in mitotic inhibition condition triggered by 10 μM oryzalin showed that cell division was not required to allow radicle emergence. A suppressive subtractive hybridization showed that more than 10% of up-regulated genes in the embryo axis encoded proteins related to cell-wall biosynthesis. The expression of α-expansins, pectin-esterase, xylogucan-endotransglycosidase, cellulose synthase, and extensins was monitored in the embryo axis of seeds germinated on water, constant and transitory ABA. These genes were overexpressed before completion of germination in the control and strongly inhibited by ABA. The expression was re-established in the ABA transitory-treatment after the seeds were transferred back on water and proceeded to germination. This proves these genes as contributors to the completion of germination and strengthen the idea that cell-wall loosening and remodeling in relation to cell expansion in the embryo axis is a determinant feature in germination. Our results also showed that ABA controls germination through the control of radicle emergence, namely by inhibiting cell-wall loosening and expansion.     

植物叶片原生质体分离的可能机制

分析了植物叶片在分离液环境中形成原生质体的过程,文中提出,分离液配方中的酸性物质使植物叶片处于酸性环境中并导致植物正常细胞首先发生细胞壁酸性降解,随后出现原生质体脱离细胞壁进入分离液,继而又进一步发生质膜的酸性降解,使细胞核和细胞器进入分离液中,最终分离液中的细胞器以细胞核为中心进行细胞器重组,最后产生外貌形态一致的新的原生质体。植物细胞壁和质膜是植物细胞的包被系统。植物细胞包被系统的酸性降解使植物细胞器重组并产生新的原生质体成为可能。     

利用湿强度测定仪测定植物细胞壁的机械性能

UsingWetStrengthTestertoMeasuretheMechanicalParametersofPlantCellWallHUANGXu－Ming（CollegeofBiotechnology，SouthChinaAgriculturalUniversity，Guangzhou510642）HUANGHui－Bai（DepartmentofHorticulture，SouthChinaAgriculturalUniversity，Guangzhou510642）细胞壁的机械状态与细胞的膨大生长有密切的关系。～些生理现象，如生理裂果现象，与细胞壁的机械性能密切相关。研究细胞壁机械性能的方法有多种。如利用压力室P－V曲线法，可以推算出细胞壁的弹性模量则asticrllfxlules）［'j；一些特大的细胞，如丽…     

细胞壁在植物抗营养逆境中的作用及其分子生理机制

营养逆境是指土壤中必需营养元素供应不足或元素含量过剩的现象,这种现象在世界范围内非常普遍,可导致作物减产和品质下降,因此,深入解析植物应对这种逆境的机制对提高作物产量、改善品质至关重要,也对保证农业生产的健康可持续发展意义重大.铝毒是限制酸性土壤上作物生产的主要因素,而镉又是重要的重金属污染元素.鉴于细胞壁是接触和响应环境因子的第一道屏障,也是结合金属离子的主要部位.结合本实验室近年来取得的一些研究成果,从细胞壁中的果胶、半纤维素组成及其修饰以及可能参与其中的相关基因等方面综述了细胞壁在植物抗铝和镉胁迫中的作用及其分子生理机制,以期引起对该领域更多的关注.     

叶肉导度的组成、大小及其对环境因素的响应

植物光合作用过程中,大气中的CO2需要克服气孔和叶肉细胞等阻力传输到羧化位点。CO2从气孔下腔传输到羧化位点的阻力称为叶肉阻力,其倒数即为叶肉导度。近十年内,叶肉导度已经成为光合作用研究领域的一个重要方面。本文首先系统地阐述了叶肉导度的组成及各部分所占的比重;然后通过与气孔导度的比较,分析叶肉导度的大小及其对光合作用的影响;最后阐述了叶肉导度对环境变化的响应,并分析了其中可能的原因。     

红色诺卡氏菌细胞壁骨架对肺癌细胞的抗癌作用及机制

前人研究发现红色诺卡氏菌细胞壁骨架(N-CWS)具有较好的抗癌活性,然而其对肺癌的抗癌作用机制尚不清楚。本研究旨在揭示N-CWS对肺癌细胞的抗癌作用及机制。通过平板克隆形成实验测定N-CWS对人肺腺癌细胞系A549菌落形成的影响,发现N-CWS可按照浓度依赖性方式降低A549细胞的菌落形成能力(p0.05)。通过5-乙炔基-2'-脱氧尿苷(EdU)法测定N-CWS对肺癌细胞增殖能力的影响,发现N-CWS可按照浓度依赖性方式降低EdU阳性细胞比例(p0.05)。通过Transwell小室和伤口愈合实验评估N-CWS对肺癌细胞侵袭和迁移能力的影响,发现N-CWS以A549浓度依赖性方式降低细胞的侵袭和迁移数量及伤口愈合百分比(p0.05)。通过qRT-PCR和Western blotting检测N-CWS对A549细胞E-cadherin、IL-6和MMP-9表达的影响,发现N-CWS以浓度依赖性方式上调了A549细胞的E-cadherin mRNA和蛋白表达(p0.05),但以浓度依赖性方式下调了IL-6和MMP-9的m RNA和蛋白表达(p0.05)。本研究证实红色诺卡氏菌细胞壁骨架可按照浓度依赖性方式降低肺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移能力,其抗癌机制与上调E-cadherin和下调IL-6和MMP-9有关。     

Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Biosynthesis

The wall of an expanding plant cell consists primarily of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix of hemicellulosic and pectic polysaccharides along with small amounts of structural and enzymatic proteins. Matrix polysaccharides are synthesized in the Golgi and exported to the cell wall by exocytosis, where they intercalate among cellulose microfibrils, which are made at the plasma membrane and directly deposited into the cell wall. Involvement of Golgi glucan synthesis in auxin-induced cell expansion has long been recognized; however, only recently have the genes corresponding to glucan synthases been identified. Biochemical purification was unsuccessful because of the labile nature and very low abundance of these enzymes. Mutational genetics also proved fruitless. Expression of candidate genes identified through gene expression profiling or comparative genomics in heterologous systems followed by functional characterization has been relatively successful. Several genes from the cellulose synthase-like （Csl） family have been found to be involved in the synthesis of various hemicellulosic glycans. The usefulness of this approach, however, is limited to those enzymes that probably do not form complexes consisting of unrelated proteins. Nonconventional approaches will continue to incrementally unravel the mechanisms of Golgi polysaccharide biosynthesis.     

内切-1,4-β-葡聚糖酶在植物细胞生长发育中的作用

内切-1,4-β-葡聚糖酶(EGases)可以催化水解具有1,4-β-葡聚糖主链的多聚糖,如纤维素和木葡聚糖分子,从而参与对细胞壁的修饰.植物细胞中存在一个EGase蛋白家族,且多为分泌蛋白;在植物细胞中还存在另一类跨膜EGase,是细胞壁纤维素生物合成所必需的,但植物EGases在体外具有降解纤维素人造底物羧甲基纤维素(CMC)的能力,而绝大多数植物EGases在活体细胞中并不能有效地降解结晶态纤维素分子和木葡聚糖分子.本文就EGases在细胞伸长、果实成熟和组织器官脱落等发育过程中的作用,以及EGases在植物纤维素合成与降解中的作用进行综述.