Import Determinants of Organelle-Specific and Dual Targeting Peptides of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts in Arabidopsis thaliana

Most of the mitochondrial and chloroplastic proteins are synthesized in the cytosol as precursor proteins carrying an N-terminal targeting peptide （TP） directing them specifically to a correct organelle. However, there is a group of proteins that are dually targeted to mitochondria and chloroplasts using an ambiguous N-terminal dual targeting peptide （dTP）. Here, we have investigated pattern properties of import determinants of organelle-specific TPs and dTPs combining mathematical multivariate data analysis （MVDA） with in vitro organellar import studies. We have used large datasets of mitochondrial and chloroplastic proteins found in organellar proteomes as well as manually selected data sets of experimentally confirmed organelle-specific TPs and dTPs from Arabidopsis thaliana. Two classes of organelle-specific TPs could be distinguished by MVDA and potential patterns or periodicity in the amino acid sequence contributing to the separation were revealed, dTPs were found to have intermediate sequence features between the organelle-specific TPs. Interestingly, introducing positively charged residues to the dTPs showed clustering towards the mitochondrial TPs in silico and resulted in inhibition of chloroplast, but not mitochondrial import in in vitro organellar import studies. These findings suggest that positive charges in the N-terminal region of TPs may function as an ＇avoidance signal＇ for the chloroplast import.     

钠离子通道β4亚基糖基化的初步研究

异常表达的糖蛋白与PD等多种神经退行性疾病有关。糖蛋白组学研究发现,电压门控钠离子通道β4亚基在PD病人脑组织中表达明显增加。为了深入探索β4亚基及其糖链在帕金森发生发展中的作用,采用PD转基因鼠对其表达进行验证,对其潜在的糖基化位点进行定点突变,构建重组表达质粒。结果发现,在新生PD转基因鼠和野生成鼠脑组织中有~38kDa蛋白条带表达,而在新生野生鼠脑组织中不表达;用PNGase F酶处理去除糖链后,~38kDa蛋白条带变成迁移速递更快的较小分子量条带,说明β4亚基是高度糖基化的蛋白,并且其糖基化与生长发育有关。将突变重组质粒转入HEK-293细胞和小鼠神经瘤细胞Neuro2A中表达,结果发现突变型质粒分子量明显低于野生型。为研究β4亚基及其糖链的功能提供了一定的实验数据并打下了基础。     

siRNA targeting stathmin inhibits invasion and enhances chemotherapy sensitivity of stem cells derived from glioma cell lines

Glioma is one of the most highly angiogenic tumors, and glioma stem cells （GSCs） are responsible for resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as recurrence after operation. Stathmin is substantial for mitosis and plays an important role in proliferation and migration of glioma-derived endothelial cells. However, the relationship between stathmin and GSCs is incompletely understood. Here we isolated GSCs from glioma cell lines U87MG and U251, and then used siRNA targeting stathmin for silen- cing. We showed that silencing of stathmin suppressed the proliferation, increased the apoptosis rate, and arrested the cell cycle at G2/M phase in GSCs. Silencing of stathmin in GSCs also resulted in inhibited the migration/invasion as well as the capability of vasculogenic mimicry. The suscep- tibUity of GSCs to temozolomide was also enhanced by stathmin silencing. Our findings suggest stathmin as a po- tential target in GSCs for glioma treatment.     

Viral suppression of innate immunity via spatial isolation of TBK1/IKKε from mitochondrial antivirai platform

For antiviral signaling mediated by retinoic acid-inducible gene I （RiG-I）-like receptors （RLRs）, the recruitment of cytosoUc RLRs and downstream molecules （such as TBK1 and IKKε） to mitochondriaL platform is a central event that facilitates the establishment of host antiviral state. Here, we present an example of viral targeting for immune evasion through spatial isolation of TBK1/IKKε from mitochond riai antiviral platform, which was employed by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus （SFTSV）, a deadly bunyavirus emerging recently. We showed that SFTSV nonstructural protein NSs functions as the interferon （IFN） antagonist, mainly via suppressing TBK1/IKKε-IRF3 signaling. NSs mediates the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies （IBs）, and the blockage of IB formation impairs IFN-inhibiting activity of NSs. We next demonstrate that I Bs are utilized to compartmentalize TBK1/I KKε. The compartmentalization results in spatial isolation of the kinases from mitochondria, and deprived TBK1/IKKε may participate in antiviral complex assembly, leadingto the blockage of lFN ind uction. This study proposes a new role of viral I Bs as virus-built＇jail＇ for imprisoning cellular factors and presents a novel and likely common mechanism of viral immune evasion through spatial isolation of critical signaling molecules from the mitochondrial antiviral platform.     

降脂中药复方的转运性相互作用——体外MDR1转运研究

目的:药物相互作用是影响药物安全和药效的重大因素之一。本文旨在通过体外MDR1研究方法——ATP酶法,评价降脂中药复方(Fang-2)及其单方6个饮片水提物与P-gp的相互作用,为临床中西药转运性相互作用提供参考。方法:应用标准化制备技术,制备降脂中药复方及其6个饮片水提物。利用基于MDR1膜的ATP酶法,计算MDR1细胞膜的ATP酶活性,考察药物与P-gp的相互作用。结果:1 mg·mL-1、10 mg·mL-1两个浓度中药复方的ATP酶活性分别为27.2、40.0 nmol Pi·min-1·mg-1protein,呈浓度依赖性。6个单方中,泽泻、厚朴、夏枯草与P-gp作用显著,其强弱顺序为:泽泻夏枯草厚朴(50.642.640.0 nmol Pi·min-1·mg-1protein)。泽泻单体23-乙酰泽泻醇B、24-乙酰泽泻醇A均与P-gp有较强的相互作用,ATP酶动力学研究显示其Km值和Vmax值分别为0.79±0.28μM,2.01±0.67μM和50.57±3.72 nmol Pi·min-1·mg-1protein,56.28±29.6 nmol Pi·min-1·mg-1protein。结论:Fang-2与MDR1存在相互作用,其中泽泻为主要被MDR1转运的饮片,泽泻的有效组分23-乙酰泽泻醇B和24-乙酰泽泻醇A均是MDR1底物。表明该降脂中药与临床上其他降脂药物的联用时应充分考虑MDR1介导的转运行相互作用,为临床用降脂药物提供参考和依据。     

不同评分标准对急性胰腺炎严重程度评估价值的比较

目的:分析和评价Ranson、Glasgow、APACHEⅡ和BISAP 4种临床评分标准对急性胰腺炎严重程度的评估价值。方法:回顾性研究急性胰腺炎患者225例,分别应用APACHEⅡ、Ranson、Glasgow及BISAP评分标准对急性胰腺炎患者进行评分,比较分析不同评分标准对该类患者诊断的敏感性、特异性,以及对合并脏器功能不全的预测情况。结果:225例患者中,轻型胰腺炎188例,重型胰腺炎37例,在轻型和重型胰腺炎患者中,4种评分标准分值差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。47例患者存在器官功能不全,4种评分标准与患者合并脏器功能不全均显著相关。各评分标准中,APACHEⅡ对急性重症胰腺炎评估的敏感性、特异性最好,分别为76%和72%。结论:4中评分方法各有特点,综合应用可能更准确的评估疾病严重程度及预后。     

Functional implications of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generated by oncogenic viruses

Between 15% and 20% of human cancers are associated with infection by oncogenic viruses. Oncogenic viruses, including HPV, HBV, HCV and HTLV-1, target mitochondria to influence cell proliferation and survival. Oncogenic viral gene products also trigger the production of reactive oxygen species which can elicit oxidative DNA damage and potentiate oncogenic host signaling pathways. Viral oncogenes may also subvert mitochondria quality control mechanisms such as mitophagy and metabolic adaptation pathways to promote virus replication. Here, we will review recent progress on viral regulation of mitophagy and metabolic adaptation and their roles in viral oncogenesis.     

遮目鱼幼鱼鳃线粒体丰富细胞的形态结构及其在不同盐度下的变化

该实验通过普通光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜的方法,研究不同盐度条件下(盐度0、10、20、27、35)广盐性海水鱼类遮目鱼(Chanos chanos)幼鱼鳃器官结构和鳃上线粒体丰富细胞分布及结构的变化。鳃线粒体丰富细胞呈椭圆形或卵圆形,内含有大量线粒体,细胞核较大。在不同盐度条件下,遮目鱼幼鱼出现两种鳃线粒体丰富细胞:一种是具有顶端小窝、线粒体体积较大的A型线粒体丰富细胞;另一种是单独存在、线粒体体积较小的B型线粒体丰富细胞。随着盐度降低,A型线粒体丰富细胞及其线粒体数量减少、体积减小,电子密度降低,顶端开口变小甚至关闭。盐度降至淡水条件下,鳃小片肿胀、脱落,鳃小片上增生出具有大面积平滑或波状的顶端开口的B型线粒体丰富细胞。结果表明,在高渗环境下,A型线粒体丰富细胞较为丰富和发达,其结构特征适应了离子分泌的功能,为海水型线粒体丰富细胞;在低渗环境下,B型线粒体丰富细胞较为丰富,其结构特征适应了离子吸收的功能,为淡水型线粒体丰富细胞。不同结构类型鳃线粒体丰富细胞的存在使得广盐性海水鱼类可以适应较广的盐度范围变化。