CO2浓度升高与氮沉降对南亚热带森林生态系统植物生物量积累及分配格局的影响

 CO₂浓度升高与氮沉降增加对陆地生态系统的耦合作用已成为全球变化的研究热点。应用大型开顶箱(OTC)人工控制手段研究了人工生态系统在1)高CO₂(700±20 μmol·mol^–1)+高氮沉降(100 kg N·hm^–2·a^–1)(CN); 2)高CO₂(700±20 μmol·mol^–1)+背景氮沉降(C＋); 3)高氮沉降(100 kg N· hm^–2·a^–1)＋背景CO₂(N＋); 4)背景CO₂＋背景氮沉降处理(CK) 4种处理条件下荷木 (Schima superba)、红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)、海南红豆(Ormosia pinnata)、肖蒲桃(Acmena acuminatissima)、红鳞蒲桃(Syzygium hancei)等主要南亚热带森林植物的生物量积累模式及其分配格局。连续近3年的实验结果表明: 不同处理条件下, 各参试植物生物量积累具有不同的响应特征, N＋处理显著促进荷木、肖蒲桃及红鳞蒲桃生物量的积累; C＋处理显著促进肖蒲桃、海南红豆生物量的积累; CN处理显著促进除红锥外其他物种生物量的积累, 并且具有两者单独处理的叠加效应。不同处理改变物种生物量的分配模式, N＋处理降低植物的根冠比, 促进地上部分生物量的积累; C＋处理增加红锥和红鳞蒲桃地下部分生物量的分配, 却促进荷木和海南红豆地上部分的积累; CN处理仅促进红磷蒲桃地下部分的积累。群落生物量的积累与分配格局取决于优势物种的生物量及其分配格局在群落中所占的权重。     

长白山白桦山杨次生林细根形态特征和解剖结构对氮沉降的响应

根系作为植物与土壤物质交换和养分循环的桥梁,长期以来一直是生态学研究的热点。于2017年7月植物生长季,对长白山模拟11年氮(N)沉降控制试验样地的白桦(Betula platyphylla)山杨(Populus davidiana)天然次生林进行了根系采样,并利用根序法研究了根系形态特征和解剖结构对不同梯度N添加处理的响应,旨在探求两物种根系之间潜在生态联系。本试验共设置了三个N添加梯度,分别为对照(CK,0 g N m~(-2 )a~(-1))、低N处理(T_L,2.5 g N m~(-2 )a~(-1))和高N处理(T_H,5.0 g N m~(-2 )a~(-1))。研究结果如下:1)T_L显著抑制白桦和山杨前三级细根皮层厚度的生长。白桦通过增加皮层细胞直径(一级根增加了72.77%,二级根增加了53.22%,三级根增加了39.96%)但减少皮层层数来降低皮层厚度,而山杨主要通过皮层细胞直径的减少(一级根下降了40.80%,二级根下降了28.17%)来降低其皮层厚度。2)T_H显著抑制山杨前三级细根生长。主要通过增加皮层厚度(一级根增加了68.78%,二级根增加了50.81%,三级根增加了88.53%)以及降低导管横截面积来抑制吸收养分,从而达到影响生长的目的。3)白桦T_H相比于T_L细根直径呈抑制生长状态。其主要通过抑制中柱直径(一级根下降了17.61%,二级根下降了16.89%,三级根下降了20.62%)的生长来实现。以上结果表明,在同一立地条件下,白桦和山杨的细根对不同浓度N沉降的响应方式不同。     

就离心收缩机制存在的问题探讨肌丝滑行理论的修正

按照肌纤维收缩时长度的变化,可将骨骼肌收缩分为向心(长度变短)、等长(长度不变)和离心(长度变长)收缩.与前两种收缩形式相比,离心收缩在增加肌肉体积和肌力等方面具有明显的优势[1,2],偏重于离心收缩的运动方式作为训练手段已广泛应用于竞技体育和运动康复领域[1-31.然而,离心收缩很容易对骨骼肌的结构和功能造成负面影响...     

模拟氮沉降对北京东灵山辽东栎林树木生长的影响

传统的元素限制模型认为氮是温带森林生长的限制元素, 不过该结论更多是从地上生物量以及群落水平进行阐述, 忽视了不同物种以及不同径级树木对外源氮的响应差异。辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林是华北地区常见的森林类型, 该研究以北京东灵山辽东栎林为研究对象, 通过设置3个氮添加水平的实验, 即对照CK (0 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1), N50 (50 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1)和N100 (100 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1), 模拟氮沉降对群落和物种水平以及不同径级树木生长的影响。经过7年氮添加, 实验结果显示: 物种水平上, 氮添加明显促进了优势树种辽东栎的生长; 群落水平上, 树木生长随氮浓度增加有不断上升趋势, 但统计学差异不显著; 氮添加显著抑制了辽东栎以及群落内小径级(3-10 cm)树木生长, 中(10-20 cm)、大径级(>20 cm)树木生长随氮沉降水平增加呈上升趋势, 但统计学差异不显著。表明氮是辽东栎以及温带森林树木生长的限制元素; 不同径级的辽东栎和群落内其他植物对氮添加响应不一致, 氮添加抑制了小径级树木生长, 中、大径级树木生长对氮添加响应不明显。     

Responses of growth of four desert species to different N addition levels

Aims The increase in atmospheric N deposition has accelerated N cycling of ecosystems, thus altering the structure and function of ecosystems, especially in those limited by N availability. Studies on the response of plant growth to artificial N addition could provide basic data for a better understanding of how the structure of grasslands in northern China responds to increasing N deposition. Methods We investigated the seasonal dynamics of plant growth of four species after 2-year multi-level N addition in a field experiment conducted in a desert steppe of Ningxia in 2011. Plant biomass and the relative growth rate (RGR) of the studied species were measured and their relationships with C:N:P ratios of plants (community and leaf levels) and soils were analyzed. Important findings Results in 2012 showed that 2-year N addition promoted the growth of the four species and the effects were different among growth forms and were species-specific. In general, the plant biomass of the studied species was significantly correlated with leaf N concentration, leaf N:P ratio, community N pool, soil total N content and soil N:P ratio, while only weak relationships were observed between plant biomass and C:N and C:P ratios of plants and soils. In contrast, there was a significant linear relationship between RGR and N:P ratios both of plants and soils.Our results suggest that short-term N addition promoted the accumulation of plant biomass, and the species-specific responses to stimulated N addition can directly affect the structure of the desert steppe ecosystem. Plant N:P ratio and soil N:P ratio could indicate nutrient limitation of plant growth to a certain extent: N addition increased soil N content and N:P ratio, and thus relieved N limitation gradually. Once more N is available to plants, the growth of plants and the accumulation of community N was stimulated in turn.     

也西湖噬藻体的分离与鉴定

【背景】噬藻体是一类特异性侵染蓝藻的病毒,广泛存在于淡水和海水水体中,参与调控宿主蓝藻的丰度和种群密度,被认为是潜在的蓝藻水华生物防控工具。但目前的研究多集中于海洋噬藻体,对淡水噬藻体的生物学特性和结构生物学等研究较少。【目的】分离更多种类的淡水噬藻体,为研究淡水噬藻体的三维结构、侵染机制、与宿主的共进化关系,及其在蓝藻水华防治中的应用提供理论基础。【方法】采集中国科学技术大学西校区内景观湖也西湖水华暴发水域的水样,利用液体培养基和双层固体平板法对17种宿主蓝藻进行筛选,通过NaCl-PEG沉淀法和氯化铯密度梯度离心分离和纯化噬藻体,并利用负染电镜观察噬藻体的形态,同时采用梯度稀释法测定裂解液的效价。【结果】发现也西湖的水样可特异性侵染本实验室分离自巢湖的一株拟鱼腥藻Pan。侵染后的裂解液中存在4株形态各异的噬藻体,包括1株短尾噬藻体和3株长尾噬藻体,其中包括首次发现的1株含有非典型长轴状头部结构的淡水噬藻体。【结论】也西湖作为巢湖流域的一个小型水体,具有与巢湖类似的水华蓝藻及其噬藻体分布谱,因此可以用于模拟大型湖泊进行相关分子生态学和生物防控的研究。     

模拟氮沉降对长白山苔原灌草混合群落中植物光合特性的影响

由于草本植物持续上侵长白山灌木苔原,形成了强烈的灌草群落种间竞争。本研究以牛皮杜鹃-小叶章群落（Comm.Rhododendron aureum-Deyeuxia purpurea）为对象,根据小叶章的入侵程度设置4种盖度差异显著的样方（无、轻度、中度、重度入侵）,并设3个施氮水平（自然状态、添加11.8 kgN·hm^-2·a^-1及添加23.6 kgN·hm^-2·a^-1）,进行原位氮沉降模拟实验,监测灌木牛皮杜鹃和草本植物小叶章光合特性的差异和变化趋势,研究小叶章入侵苔原带的内在生理机制。结果显示：（1）小叶章净光合速率大于牛皮杜鹃,小叶章盖度越高、其叶绿素含量越高,而牛皮杜鹃叶绿素含量降低,随着小叶章入侵程度的增加,其净光合速率增强;（2）施氮可以提高牛皮杜鹃和小叶章的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进植物生长,但小叶章的增幅更大,从而增强了小叶章的竞争优势;（3）施氮和小叶章入侵具有复合作用,小叶章盖度越大,对其施氮导致小叶章净光合速率与叶绿素含量的增幅越大,而牛皮杜鹃的增幅减小。所以小叶章的成功入侵可能与其具有较高的净光合速率有关,并且施氮有利于提高小叶章的净光合速率,随着氮沉降的继续增加,更有利于小叶章的生长并提高其竞争力。     

一株高产淀粉绿藻——标志链带藻在废水中的培养及对氮磷的去除

为了研究标志链带藻(Desmodesmus insignis strain JNU24)在不同Na NO3浓度和不同废水浓度培养下的生长与代谢产物积累状况,评估标志链带藻对废水的处理能力,本研究利用柱状光反应器对标志链带藻进行培养,分别对4种Na NO3浓度的BG-11培养基和4种废水浓度培养下藻细胞的生物量、蛋白质含量、碳水化合物含量和淀粉含量进行了测定。结果显示,在BG-11培养基中,氮浓度为9.0 mmol/L时,藻细胞生物质浓度最高,达6.23 g/L;在废水培养下,未稀释的原废水实验组,其藻细胞生物质浓度最高,达10.31 g/L;75%废水培养下,藻细胞的淀粉含量最高(达50.9%),单位体积藻细胞淀粉含量和产率分别为4.86 g/L和405 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),且显著高于不同浓度Na NO3的BG-11培养基组。本研究还测定了标志链带藻对废水中氮、磷的去除效率,结果显示不同浓度废水培养下,氮、磷的去除效率最高可达90.8%和98.7%。基于柱状反应器中的最佳培养效果,以9.0 mmol/L Na NO3的BG-11培养基和75%废水于3.0 cm光径平板光生物反应器中进行室内扩大培养,结果显示在75%废水培养下,藻细胞生物质浓度达9.75 g/L,淀粉单位体积含量和产率分别达到4.75 g/L和230 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),且为9.0 mmol/L Na NO3的BG-11培养基培养的3倍。通过沉降特性分析发现,藻细胞收获90 min后均完全沉降,具有较强的沉降性能。本研究标志链带藻能够耐受废水中较高的氮、磷浓度,且对废水中氮、磷有显著的去除作用;该藻能利用废水中的营养成分积累较高的生物量和淀粉含量并且藻细胞能快速沉降,具有极高的经济价值和应用价值,是一株淀粉生产能力较高和废水处理能力较强的极具开发潜力的藻株。     

Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on fine root morphology,nitrogen and phosphorus efficiency of Pinus massoniana clone under phosphorus deficiency

Aims In forest ecosystems with phosphorus (P) deficiency, the impact of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on nutritional traits related to N and P uptake potentially affect plant growth and vegetation productivity. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of simulated N deposition on fine root morphological characteristics and effiency of N and P absorption in Pinus massoniana under under low P stress.
Methods Two clones of P. massoniana seedling with different P efficiency (high P efficiency 19-5 vs. low P efficiency 21-3) were used. A two-year pot experiment was applyed with treatments of two P conditions, (i.e. homogeneous low P availability vs. heterogeneous low P availability) and three N deposition levels (0, 30 and 120 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1; i.e., N0, N30, or N120, respectively) .
Important findings 1) The growth of P. massoniana seedling was interactively affected the three factors: simulated N deposition, P condition and genotypes. Simulated N deposition increased the seedling height and dry mass under heterogeneous P deficiency, but did not significantly affect those traits under homogeneous P deficiency. Under heterogeneous P deficiency and N120 treatment, the seedling height and dry mass of clone 19-5 were 1.1 times and 1.6 times higher than that of clone 21-3, respectively. 2) Fine root length and surface area decreased as root diameter increased. N deposition significantly stimulated proliferation of fine root with diameter ≤1.5 mm, while roots with diameters ranged from 1.5 to 2.0 mm and over 2.0 mm were not influenced. The length of fine root ≤1.5 mm in diameter accounted for 90.4%-92.8% of the total root length and was not affected by N deposition. 3) Under the heterogeneous low P condition, clone 19-5 was found to respond to the simulated N deposition with increased root length and surface area in fine-root diameter class of ≤1.5 mm. Additionally, in compared with control, its N and P absorption efficiency were significantly enhanced 93.3% and 148.4%, respectively under N120 treatment. However, the N and P absorption efficiency of clone 21-3 was less affected by the simulated N deposition. The N and P use efficiency had no notable variation. Finally, we found that the proliferation of fine-root ≤1.5 mm in diameter and high N (P) absorption efficiency maybe the adaptive mechanisms of P. massoniana responding to atmospheric N deposition under P deficiency.     

长江口地区大气湿沉降中营养盐的初步研究

为了解大气湿沉降对于赤潮发生的影响,2000年5月至2001年4月在嵊泗群岛采集了64个雨水样品,并分析了其中的N、P、Si等营养盐的浓度．结果表明,营养盐月平均浓度之间相差较大,与风向即不同的污染物来源和降水量等因素有关;营养盐季节通量分布不均,季节性明显．除冬季外,其他3个季节均能成为赤潮的诱发因子;NO3--N、NH4+-N、NO2--N、PO4^3-P和SiO3^2-Si的年均浓度依次为20．23、30．14、0．1l、0．045和3．43μmol·L-1,年通量分别为2．67×10^8、3．98×10^9、0．014×10^8、0．0059×10^8和0．45×10^8mol,与河流输入量相比,湿沉降对营养盐的年输入量较小．