基于主成分-聚类-逐步回归分析构建番茄苗期耐铝性综合评价体系

铝毒是限制酸性土壤中作物产量的主要因素之一。番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)是适合在酸性土壤中种植的主要经济作物, 不同品种番茄对铝胁迫的响应存在差异, 因此, 筛选苗期耐铝毒种质对番茄生产及研究具有重要意义。以10个番茄品种为材料, 采用室内土培盆栽, 设置1 000 µmol∙L^-1 AlCl₃·6H₂O处理, 测定反映植物铝胁迫下生长状况的16个形态、生理生化及光合指标。通过主成分分析, 将铝胁迫下番茄幼苗的16个指标转化为5个独立的综合指标, 累积贡献率达90.779%。基于耐铝性综合评价值(A)的系统聚类分析, 将供试种质划分为5类, 第I类为高度耐铝品种Qianxi, 第V类为高度不耐铝品种Puluowangsi。经多元线性逐步回归分析得出番茄苗期耐铝评价方程: y=0.046+0.405X₆+0.515X₁₀-0.207X₁₅+0.028X₃ (R²=0.997), 从16个指标中提取出与A值显著相关(P<0.01)的4个指标: 丙二醛含量(X₃)、净光合速率(X₆)、叶面积(X₁₀)和地下部干重(X₁₅)。利用评价方程可判断不同番茄品种苗期的耐铝性, 使番茄耐铝性鉴定工作快速简便。     

入侵植物筛选方法在我国口岸防控中的应用建议

入侵植物是生物入侵中数量最多的类群,给全世界造成了重大的经济和环境影响。植物入侵的预测研究是口岸防控工作中的重要技术环节之一。本文介绍了入侵植物筛选方法的概念,简述了与之相关的基础理论、研究情况以及3种植物入侵的预测方法。综合来看,入侵植物筛选方法主要采用植物自身的生物生态学特性作为评估指标来筛选外来植物,能快速可靠地将外来植物评判为严重入侵植物、非入侵植物以及介于二者之间的一般入侵植物,因此该方法能为我国口岸防范外来植物入侵的管理提供基础技术支撑。当前我国入侵植物筛选方法的研究和应用尚处起步阶段,通过本文的简述期望引起相关人员对此问题进行探讨,并为我国口岸入侵植物防控工作提供理论参考。     

Assessing the Suitability of Various Physiological Traits to Screen Wheat Genotypes for Salt Tolerance

Success of improving the salt tolerance of genotypes requires effective and reliable screening traits in breeding programs. The objective was to assess the suitability of various physiological traits to screen wheat genotypes for salt tolerance. Thirteen wheat genotypes from Egypt, Germany, Australia and India were grown in soil with two salinity levels （control and 150 mmol/L NaCI） in a greenhouse. The physiological traits （ion contents in leaves and stems, i.e. Na^＋, Cl^-, K^＋, Ca^2＋）, the ratios of K^＋/Na^＋ and Ca^＋/Na^＋ in the leaves and stems, net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, chlorophyll content （SPAD value）, and leaf water relations, were measured at different growth stages. The physiological traits except for Na^＋ and Cl^- in stems and the leaf transpiration rate at 150 mmol/L NaCI showed a significant genotypic variation, indicating that the traits that have a significant genotypic variation may be possibly used as screening criteria. According to the analysis of linear regression of the scores of the physiological traits against those of grain yield, however, the physiological traits of Ca^2＋ and Ca2^＋/Na^＋ at 45 d and final harvest with the greatest genotypic variation were ranked at the top. From a practical and economic point of view, SPAD value should be considered to be used as screening criteria and/or there is a need to develop a quick and practical approach to determine Ca^2＋ in plant tissues.     

Water and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Diploid, Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheats

Three diploid (Triticum boeoticum, AA; Aegilops speltoides, BB and Ae. tauschii, DD), two tetraplold (T. dlcoccoides,AABB and T. dicoccon, AABB) and one hexaploid (T. vulgare, AABBDD) varieties of wheat, which are very important in the evolution of wheat were chosen in this study. A pot experiment was carried out on the wheat under different water and nutrient conditions (i) to understand the differences in biomass, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and nutrient (N, P and K) use efficiency (uptake and utilization efficiency) among ploldles in the evolution of wheat; (ii) to clarify the effect of water and nutrient conditions on water and nutrient use efficiency; and (iii) to assess the relationship of water and nutrient use efficiency in the evolution of wheat. Our results showed that from diploid to tetraploid then to hexaploid during the evolution of wheat, both root biomass and above-ground biomass increased initially and then decreased. Water consumption for transpiration decreased remarkably, correlating with the decline of the growth period, while grain yield, harvest index, WUE, N, P and K uptake efficiency, and N, P and K utilization efficiency increased significantly. Grain yield, harvest index and WUE decreased in the same order: T.vulgare ＞ T. dicoccon ＞ T. dicoccoides ＞ Ae. tauschii ＞ Ae. speltoides ＞ T. boeoticum. Water stress significantly decreased root biomass, above-ground biomass, yield, and water consumption for transpiration by 47-52%, butremarkably increased WUE. Increasing the nutrient supply increased wheat above-ground biomass, grain yield,harvest index, water consumption for transpiration and WUE under different water levels, but reduced root biomass under drought conditions. Generally, water stress and low nutrient supply resulted in the lower nutrientuptake efficiency of wheat. However, water and nutrient application had no significant effects on nutrient utilization efficiency, suggesting that wheat nutrient utilization efficiency is mainly controlled by genotypes. Compared to theother two diploid wheats, Ae. squarrosa (DD) had significant higher WUE and nutrient utilization efficiency, Indicating that the D genome may carry genes controlling high efficient utilization of water and nutrient. Significant relationships were found between WUE and N, P and K utilization efficiency.     

地塞米松当归多糖前体药在大鼠胃肠道内容物中的释药特性

目的:探讨以当归多糖为载体的地塞米松前体药在大鼠胃肠道内容物中的释药特性,考察其结肠靶向性。方法:将前体药与大鼠胃肠道不同部位内容物稀释液于37℃共同孵育,不同时间点取样,高效液相色谱法检测释放的地塞米松(dexamethasone, DEX)及地塞米松琥珀酸单酯(dexamethasone hemisuccinate,DSH)。结果:前体药在大鼠胃肠道各部位内容物稀释孵育液中均有DEX及DSH释放;DEX在小肠近端的释放量最大,在结肠和盲肠中的释放量次之,在胃和小肠远端的释放量较小;DSH在结肠和盲肠中的释放量大,在胃、小肠近端和小肠远端释放量小;在160min孵育时间时,DEX和DSH在结肠和盲肠中的释放总量是在胃、小肠近端和小肠远端释放总量的1．95倍。结论:以当归多糖为载体的地塞米松前体药具有一定的结肠靶向释药特性,有可能用作局部治疗结肠炎的结肠靶向药物。     

水曲柳腋芽离体快繁研究初报

以水曲柳带顶芽、腋芽茎段为外植体进行离体培养,研究其适宜的灭菌方法、基本培养基种类和激素对腋芽萌发、丛芽产生、芽苗增殖的影响。结果表明,水曲柳的腋芽茎段为快繁的适宜外植体,茎段灭菌以用0.05%HgCl₂处理2 min最好。在萌芽培养中,BA和2ip均可促进腋芽萌发,但以8 mg·L^-1 BA处理时萌发效果最好,萌发率达100％;将腋芽萌发后长成的新枝转入添加ZT的培养基中,出现丛芽,在添加1.0 mg·L^-1的ZT的培养基中增殖效果最好,增殖系数达到3.0。无论在萌芽培养还是增殖培养中均发现WPM培养基最适合水曲柳腋芽的离体快繁。     

控制水稻叶片叶绿素含量及其离体叶片叶绿素降解速度相关的QTL定位(简报)

许多研究认为,在一定范围内,叶绿素含量与光合速率成正相关关系、叶绿素含量高的水稻叶片能延缓衰老。理论上推算,水稻叶片如果推迟1天衰老,可使水稻增产2％左右,而实际实验结果表明可增产1％左右。叶片早衰往往也是造成有些水稻品种结实率偏低、空秕率较高及产量降低的主要原因。叶片衰老是水稻发育过程中的生命现象,它是水稻在长期进化过程中形成的适应性。叶片衰老的显著特征之一是叶绿素含量下降,叶色褪绿变黄。[第一段]     

柴胡大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育

以柴胡(Bupleurum chinense)为研究对象, 运用石蜡切片技术对其大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育进行了研究。结果表明: 柴胡花药具4个药室, 花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层4层细胞构成, 花药壁发育为双子叶型, 腺质绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型, 产生正四面体型小孢子。成熟花粉三细胞型。胚珠倒生型, 单珠被, 薄珠心。大孢子母细胞常为一个雌性孢原直接发育而成, 大孢子四分体呈线型或T型排列, 多数情况为合点端一个大孢子分化为功能大孢子, 由功能大孢子发育为蓼型成熟胚囊。在胚囊发育过程中, 珠被内表皮细胞特化成珠被绒毡层。同一朵花中, 雄蕊先熟, 记 录了花蕾大小及雌、雄配子体发育的对应关系。     

栓皮栎体细胞胚胎发生的细胞组织学观察

以栓皮栎未成熟合子胚为外植体,在添加0.25mg/L 2,4-D和0.5mg/L 6-BA的MS培养基上6周可诱导产生2种类型的胚性愈伤组织,一种表面具光泽、白色;另一种表面光滑湿润具光泽,色泽淡黄或无色透明。组织切片表明,胚性愈伤组织的细胞体积小,细胞核大,细胞质浓,细胞排列紧密;非胚性愈伤组织细胞的体积大,细胞核小,细胞质稀薄。胚性细胞团培养在不含激素的培养基上可诱导产生体细胞胚。体细胞胚直接起源于胚性细胞团表皮或近表皮的单细胞,经历与合子胚相似的球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚和子叶胚发育阶段。所有发育时期的体细胞胚的胚轴、子叶均产生次生体胚,它们起源于细胞质较浓的表皮单细胞。     

工程化外泌体介导巨噬细胞清除肿瘤外泌体*

目的:通过膜表面修饰改造技术构建工程化外泌体(engineered exosomes,enExos),并以此介导巨噬细胞特异性清除膜表面富含表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)的肿瘤外泌体。方法:利用表面展示技术获得膜表面展示趋化因子(chemokine 8,CXCL8)的外泌体,同时在其磷脂双分子层上修饰EGFR核酸适配体制备工程化外泌体;纳米颗粒跟踪和纳米粒度电位分析enExos的尺寸、电位;CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞活力;透射电子显微镜观察enExos与高表达EGFR的肿瘤外泌体的特异性结合;荧光成像技术及流式细胞术分析探究enExos靶向趋化巨噬细胞吞噬高表达EGFR的肿瘤外泌体。结果:成功构建膜表面展示EGFR与CXCL8的工程化外泌体,enExos可以特异性识别并捕获高表达EGFR的肿瘤外泌体,同时利用其趋化因子CXCL8特异性靶向巨噬细胞膜表面趋化因子受体CXCR1/CXCR2,刺激巨噬细胞对肿瘤外泌体的捕获及清除。结论:工程化外泌体促进了特定肿瘤外泌体的清除,为后续深入研究工程化外泌体抑制癌症转移的作用奠定基础,并期望为癌症转移治疗提供新的研究方向。