贵州异叶苣苔属一新种

毕节异叶苣苔 新种 图1 Whytockia bijieensis Y. Z. Wang et Z. Y. Li, sp. nov. Affinis W. chiritiflorae(Oliv. )W. W. Smith, a qua foliis angustioribus et lon-gioribus, sepalis basi tantum connatis, capsula irregulariter et imperfecte dehiscente, parteinferiore cupuliformi persistente differt.     

塔里木河流域胡杨和灰叶胡杨克隆分株空间分布格局

以叶尔羌河下游阿瓦提县天然胡杨和灰叶胡杨混交林、塔里木河上游农一师16团天然灰叶胡杨林和塔里木河中游轮台县天然胡杨林为对象,研究胡杨和灰叶胡杨克隆分株种群的空间分布格局.结果表明: 8种不同取样尺度(5 m×5 m、5 m×10 m、5 m×15 m、10 m×10 m、10 m×15 m、15 m×15 m、15 m×20 m、20 m×20 m)下,3个研究区2物种克隆分株种群的空间分布格局均表现为集群分布,表明集群分布是研究区胡杨和灰叶胡杨克隆分株种群空间分布格局的基本属性;在5 m×5 m尺度上,3个研究区2物种克隆分株种群均表现出负二项参数最小、Cassie指标和聚块性指标最大、聚集强度最大的分布特征.     

羽衣甘蓝裂叶相关性状遗传分析

以羽衣甘蓝圆叶自交系‘0835’和裂叶自交系‘0819’为亲本,调查P1、P2、F1、F2群体莲座期4个裂叶相关性状表型数据,运用‘四世代主基因+多基因’遗传模型,对叶长、叶宽、叶形指数、叶缘缺刻数4个叶形相关性状进行遗传分析,探讨羽衣甘蓝裂叶相关性状的遗传规律,为羽衣甘蓝裂叶性状遗传、QTL定位及新品种选育奠定基础。结果表明:(1)4个性状均存在一定的杂种优势,其中叶缘缺刻数中亲优势达显著水平,4个性状均存在负向超亲优势。(2)叶长和叶宽均符合E-4模型,即由2对等加性主基因+加性-显性多基因共同控制;叶长主基因遗传率为83.80%,多基因遗传率为1.05%;叶宽主基因遗传率为22.28%,多基因遗传率为61.92%。(3)叶形指数和叶缘缺刻数均符合E-1模型,即由2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制;叶形指数主基因遗传率为93.73%,多基因遗传率为2.59%;叶缘缺刻数主基因决定了表型变异的91.18%。     

北京西山绿化树种秋季滞纳PM2.5能力及其与叶表面AFM特征的关系

以北京西山6种绿化树种白皮松、油松、柳树、五角枫、银杏、山杨为对象,应用气溶胶再发生器对植物叶片秋季PM_2.5吸附量进行定量研究,同时应用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察叶表面微形态特征,分析了叶表面粗糙度等参数,阐释了各树种叶片吸附PM_2.5的机制.结果表明: 不同树种单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量排序为白皮松(2.44±0.22 μg·cm^-2)＞油松(2.40±0.23 μg·cm^-2)＞柳树(1.62±0.09 μg·cm^-2)＞五角枫(1.23±0.01 μg·cm^-2)＞银杏(1.00±0.07 μg·cm^-2)＞山杨(0.97±0.03 μg·cm^-2);从秋季不同月份来看,不同树种单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量表现为11月(2.33±0.43 μg·cm^-2)＞10月(1.62±0.64 μg·cm^-2)＞9月(1.51±0.50 μg·cm^-2).白皮松和油松有大量凹陷和突起,相对高差较大,粗糙度较大,吸滞PM_2.5能力强;柳树和五角枫叶片有褶皱,粗糙度相对较高,分布有大量的突起和凹陷,吸滞PM_2.5能力居中;银杏和山杨因其叶表面平滑、气孔多为长圆形,粗糙度较小,吸滞PM_2.5能力较弱.不同树种正背面粗糙度平均值为白皮松(149.91±16.38 nm)＞油松(124.47±10.52 nm)＞柳树(98.85±5.36 nm)＞五角枫(93.74±21.75 nm)＞银杏(80.84±0.88 nm)＞山杨(67.72±8.66 nm),这与不同树种单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量排序完全一致,叶片粗糙度与单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量呈显著正相关(R²=0.9498).为提高城市植被的环境效应,可选择叶表面形态有利于吸滞PM_2.5等颗粒物的树种.     

Trade-off between leaf size and vein density of Achnatherum splendens in Zhangye wetland

Aims Trade-offs between leaf size and vein density are the basis of the theory of leaf economics spectrum, and are to understand the relationship between the physical build and physiological metabolism of plant leaves under different degrees of competition for resources. Our objective was to study the changes in the relationship between leaf size and vein density (leaf dry biomass and leaf area) in Achnatherum splendens populations with four plant bundle densities located in the flood plain wetland of Zhangye. Methods The study site was located at floodplain wetlands of Zhangye, Gansu Province, China. Survey and sampling were carried out in the communities that A. splendens dominated. According to the plant bundle density, the A. splendens communities were divided into four density gradients with “bundle” for the sampling units, high density (I, > 12 bundle·m^-2), medium density (II, 8-12 bundle·m^-2), medium density (III, 4-8 bundle·m^-2) and Low density (IV, <4 bundle·m^-2). According to the density of each combination, we chose seven (5 m × 5 m) A. splendens samples, resulting in a total of 28 samples (4 × 7). The soil physical and chemical properties of four density gradients were investigated and six samples of A. splendens were used to measure the leaf area, leaf dry biomass and vein density in laboratory, and biomass of different organs was measured after being dried at 85 °C in an oven. 28 plots were categorized into three groups: high, medium and low density, and the standardized major axis (SMA) estimation method was used to examine the allometric relationships between leaf area, leaf dry biomass and vein density. Important findings The results showed that with the population density changed from high, medium, to low, the soil moisture decreased, and soil electric conductivityincreased. The leaf area, leaf biomass and height of A. splendens decreased, and the vein density, specific leaf area and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased gradually. In addition, leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r) and twig number firstly increased then decreased. There was a highly significantly negative correlation (p < 0.01) between the leaf size and vein density on the high- and low-level densities (I, IV), whereas less significant (p < 0.05) on the level of medium density (II, III). The SMA slope of regression equation in the scaling relationships between leaf size and vein density was significantly smaller than -1 (p < 0.05).     

楼梯草属研究随记

在该文中首次给出革叶楼梯草的雄头状花序描述; 还给出樱叶楼梯草雄头状花序的修正描述和兜苞墨脱楼梯草的修正特征集要; 写出托叶楼梯草和南川楼梯草二种的分类学修订,其中包括2新变种和2新等级; 描述了小叶楼梯草组的1新种和骤尖楼梯草组的3新种; 数年前被归并为异名的兜苞墨脱楼梯草和五肋楼梯草得到恢复。     

温度对拟小食螨瓢虫发育和繁殖的影响

拟小食螨瓢虫是热带地区香蕉、番木瓜、橡胶和木薯等作物上有害叶螨的重要天敌。在室内条件下,以皮氏叶螨Tetranychus piercei为食物,观察了不同温度(16℃,20℃,24℃,28℃,32℃)对拟小食螨瓢虫生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明:拟小食螨瓢虫卵、幼虫和蛹的历期在32℃下最短,分别为2.38,4.26和3.04 d;16℃时最长,分别为12.48,25.10和16.12 d,雌成虫寿命在16℃时长达142.53 d,而在32℃时为95.46 d。世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为13.29℃和227.63日度。成虫产卵量在28℃最高,达595.49粒/雌,在16℃最低,为125.05粒/雌。内禀增长率(rm)在32℃达到最大(0.2063),而在16℃时最小(0.0342)。结果表明拟小食螨瓢虫有较好的高温耐受性,研究结果可为该瓢虫人工繁育的温度条件提供依据。     

桉树新害虫——曲线纷夜蛾的生物学和生态特性研究

曲线纷夜蛾Polydesma boarmoides Guenée是我国桉树食叶害虫,已在部分桉树种植区造成严重危害。国内外仅在区域昆虫种类调查中发现并提及该虫,而未见其生物学特性、生态学特性和发生规律等方面的相关研究报道,因此,有必要对该虫进行更系统、深入的研究,为防控该虫提供依据。笔者2013年5月首次发现该虫在广东省紫金县危害桉树林,2016年5月再次发现该虫在茂名市危害桉树林。调查、研究结果表明:(1)曲线纷夜蛾起始取食灌木叶片直至叶片被取食殆尽后,逐步转移至桉树林继续取食桉树叶片;(2)曲线纷夜蛾在广东地区1年发生4代;(3)曲线纷夜蛾3-5龄幼虫在桉树林间呈现聚集分布,且聚集密度呈现随种群密度增大而增大的规律,而在桉树树冠上则呈均匀分布。     

新疆伊氏叶属(Melanelixia)地衣的研究

采用形态、解剖及化学等传统分类方法,对新疆天山和阿尔泰山山脉采集的伊氏叶属地衣标本进行了研究。共鉴定出7个分类单位,其中假杯点伊氏叶(Melanelixia subaurifera)为新疆新记录种,同时提供了地衣名录、分布地区和新记录种的描述。研究结果为新疆的地衣资源提供基础资料。     

大孔树脂分离纯化辣椒叶总黄酮的工艺研究

目的:筛选适合分离纯化辣椒叶总黄酮的一种大孔树脂,同时用响应面法进行优化得到最佳纯化工艺。方法:采用热回流法提取辣椒叶总黄酮,以吸附率和解吸率为考察指标,考察6种不同型号的大孔树脂(HPD100、HPD450、HPD600、HPD826、D101、AB-8)对辣椒叶总黄酮的吸附能力与解吸能力,确定最佳树脂。通过动态吸附解吸实验考察此树脂对辣椒叶总黄酮的最佳分离纯化工艺。结果:通过对辣椒叶总黄酮吸附分离性能的分析显示HPD600为最佳树脂,最优工艺为:上样浓度为10 mg/mL,上样量为10 mL,洗脱体积为4 BV,洗脱液流速为4 mL/min,洗脱液pH为7,依次用水、10%、30%乙醇冲洗树脂柱,50%乙醇为洗脱液。纯化后的黄酮纯度435.4 mg/g。结论:该方法简便,操作简单,对辣椒叶总黄酮的纯化效果较好。