新酵母遗传学

基因克隆和酵母菌DNA转化技术已大大地加强了形式酵母遗传学的力量。现在已可能分离任何形式遗传学确定的基因,用离体产生的突变衍生物取代正常的染色体序列而任意改变酵母基因组,创造表现为自主复制子或小染色体的DNA分子。新酵母遗传学的这些独特的特征已用于研究真核分子生物学中的许多问题。     

广义报春苣苔属 (苦苣苔科) 的染色体新计数及其分类学意义

报道了广义报春苣苔属14种3变种和7个未定名种的染色体数目,并对其近缘属——广义石山苣苔属的3个种也进行了细胞学研究。结合最近的分类处理和系统发育假设,对所得结果和以前发表的染色体数据进行了综合分析, 结果表明：广义报春苣苔属的染色体数目为2n=36,基数为x=18,表现出高度稳定性。染色体相对较小,以中间着丝粒和亚中间着丝粒染色体为主。尽管一些类群的染色体大小之间存在微小差异,但是染色体形态的均一性和染色体数目的一致性有力地支持分子系统学的研究结果。另外,相同的染色体数目及相似的染色体形态也表明广义报春苣苔属和广义石山苣苔属的亲缘关系较近,与分子系统学的结果一致。     

蝴蝶兰19个品种染色体数目分析

采用常规压片法对19个蝴蝶兰品种的染色体数目进行了分析,结果表明四倍体品种居多,占57.9%,三倍体占10.5%,非整倍体占31.6%。两个三倍体品种‘幻想’和‘满天红’自交和杂交均不结实,表现出三倍体的一般特征。     

普通小麦×栽培二棱大麦属间杂种及其回交后代选育和染色体的稳定性

以小麦为母本与大麦杂交,通过幼胚培养,获得小大麦属间杂种。杂种自交不育。以中国春和昌农82小麦的混合花粉给杂种授粉,得到回交一代(BC_1F_1),结实率为4.35％。以78380—1和密穗早小麦的混合花粉及小偃107分别与 BC_1F_1回交,获得回交二代(BC_2F_1),结实率为45.45％和31.25％。F_1体细胞染色体数为非整倍体,其变幅从18到27条之间,以2n=2l条较多。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ单价体细胞为37.0％,1—4个不等二价体细胞为63.0％。F_1形态类似普通小麦。回交后代表型多为亲本中间型,也有少数超亲现象。在BC_2F_4代中,整倍体细胞(2n=42)占大多数(80.83％),染色体构型比较复杂,主要有21Ⅲ,20Ⅲ+2 Ⅰ和19Ⅲ十4 Ⅰ三种,以21Ⅲ的细胞较多(75.03％)。从分离后代中选育出单体(21Ⅲ+1 Ⅰ)和二体(22Ⅲ)异附加系及具突出性状的新类型。     

Genetic analysis of leaffolder resistance in rice

A double haploid(DH)population,which consists of 120 lines derived from anther culture of a typical indica and japonica hybrid'CJ06'/'TN1',was used to investigate the genetic basis for rice leaffolder resistance.Using a constructed molecular linkage map,five QTLs for rolled leaves were detected on chromosomes 1,2,3,4,and 8.The positive alleles from C J06 on chromosomes 3,4,and 8 in-creased the resistance to dee leaffolder,and the alleles from TN1 on chromosomes 1 and 2 also enhanced resistance to leaffolder.The interactions between QTLs were identified and tested,and four conditional interactions were acquired for resistance to rice leaffolder.These loci were located on chromosomes 2,9,10,and 11,respectively.QTL pyramiding indicated that the positive alleles affect resis-tance to leaffolder.The prospective application of this data in rice breeding was also discussed.     

“基因在染色体上”（第2课时）教学设计

通过指导学生培养果蝇并进行杂交实验,探究基因与染色体的位置关系,学生能够根据所收集的实验证据对假说进行客观评价,主动构建知识体系,有利于培养学生的科学素养和实践能力。体现出高中生物学课程改革后与时俱进的特点。     

通用线性模型筛选家禽生化多态遗传标记的探讨

本研究首次采用线性模型估计生化基因(表)型对产蛋量相关性状的效应,排除环境和遗传背景的差异,检测出效应显著的3种生化基因(表)型。Akp座位F型和Es-1座位AB型的开产蛋重显著降低, 效应的遗传本质有待于深入研究确认。 Tf位点对于36周龄体重的影响不属于基因多效或紧密连锁效应, 可能是距离较远基因连锁的结果,效应随基因间连锁与交换会在品系和世代间产生较大波动;或可能源于非控制误差。本研究还表明生化基因座位与数量性状基因位点(QTL)间的非紧密基因连锁可能大量存在, 但育种意义不大。 Abstract:The literature on associations between biochemical polymorphisms with a Mendelian basis and quantitative traitsis abundant,but it is often difficult to draw conclusions from results that vary in statistical significance and that are sometimes conflicting.Linear models were found capable in estimating associated effects of biochemical genes,precluding deviations due to environmental and population differences.Three biochemical gene- or phenotypes were detected to be significantly associated with laying-related traits.F of Akp locus and AB of Es-1 locus showed large associated effects on egg weight at onset of lay as the result of pleiotrophy or close linkage,or caused by heterogeneity,whereas association of BB at Tf locus with body weight at 36 weeks of age could be due to loose linkage or non-controlled errors which exhibited large variations between populations and possibly through generations Many biochemical loci were also revealed to be occasionally associated with laying-related traits,but few of them could be of breeding importance.     

限制酶AluI显带和CA_3/DA/DAPI染色表达的家猪染色体结构异染色质

采用限制酶AluI显带、CA_(?)/DA/DAPI荧光染色和常规C带技术研究了家猪染色体着丝粒结构异染色质,结果表明:着丝粒结构异染色质至少可被区分为3类,并且在染色体组内各有其特异的染色体分布。将家猪染色体DA/DAPI荧光带和限制酶AluI显带与人类染色体比较,发现家猪13—18号端着丝粒染色体显带特征与人染色体1,9、16、Y一致。提示家猪13—18号端着丝粒区结构异染色质存在与人类随体DNA相似的DNA组成。     

细菌大质粒的快速分离

早期用于分离质粒DNA的方法大多数不适用于大质粒的分离。近几年来,随着遗传学实验方法的改进,从事分子生物学研究的科学家相继开发出多种快速、简便的大质粒分离技术,从很多不同种属的细菌中分离到许多大质粒,为分子遗传学的发展做出了贡献。 Eckardt报道了一种分离方法,首先将细菌细胞在Ficoll-溶菌酶混合液中初步软化,再将样品加到琼脂糖凝胶的加样孔中,用SDS裂解,然后进行电泳分离。     

利用phlb突变体创造普通小麦—簇毛麦６ＶＳ端二体代换系

用中国春phlb突变体（C.S.phlbphlb)与普通小麦－簇毛麦６Ｖ（６Ａ）异代换系（Ｓub.6V)杂交,再用phlb突变体与Ｆ１回交,在高配对植株中筛选出一个６Ｖ染色体发生变化的植株,编号为ＬＶ０２,用染色体Ｃ－分带和荧光原位杂交技术,对ＬＶ０２株系的后代进一步鉴定,在ＢＣ１Ｆ２中筛选鉴定出１株编号为ＬＶ０２－０１的植株,该株含有４０条普通小麦染色体,１条簇毛麦６Ｖ染色体和１条６Ｖ短臂端着丝粒染色体,在ＬＶ０２－０１的分离后代中用同样技术鉴定出８株普通小麦－族毛麦６ＶＳ端二体代换系。