Mapping QTLs for seed yield and drought susceptibility index in soy-bean（Glycine max L.） across different environments

Drought stress has long been a major constraint in maintaining yield stability of soybean （Glycine max （L.） Merr.） in rainfed ecosystems. The identification of consistent quantitative trait loci （QTL） involving seed yield per plant （YP） and drought susceptibility index （DSI） in a population across different environments would therefore be important in molecular marker-assisted breeding of soybean cultivars suitable for rainfed regions. The YP of a recombinant line population of 184 F2：7：11 lines from a cross of Kefengl and Nannong1138-2 was studied under water-stressed （WS） and well-watered （WW） conditions in field （F） and greenhouse （G） trials, and DSI for yield was calculated in two trials. Nineteen QTLs associated with YP-WS and YP-WW, and 10 QTLs associated with DSI, were identi- fied. Comparison of these QTL locations with previous findings showed that the majority of these regions control one or more traits re- lated to yield and other agronomic traits. One QTL on molecular linkage group （MLG） K for YP-F, and two QTLs on MLG C2 for YP-G, remained constant across different water regimes. The regions on MLG C2 for YP-WW-F and MLG H for YP-WS-F had a pleiotropic effect on DSI-F, and MLG A1 for YP-WS-G had a pleiotropic effect on DSI-G. The identification of consistent QTLs for YP and DSI across different environments will significantly improve the efficiency of selecting for drought tolerance in soybean.     

Molecular Population Genetics of Rice Domestication

Domestication is a selection process that genetically modifies species to meet human needs. A most intriguing feature of domestication is the extreme phenotypic diversification among breeds. What could be the ultimate source of such genetic variations? Another notable outcome of artificial selection is the reduction in the fitness of domesticated species when they live in the wild without human assistance. The complete sequences of the two subspecies of rice cultivars provide an opportunity to address these questions. Between the two subspecies, we found much higher rates of non‐synonymous (N) than synonymous (S) substitutions and the N/S ratios are higher between cultivars than between wild species. Most interestingly, substitutions of highly dissimilar amino acids that are deleterious and uncommon between natural species are disproportionately common between the two subspecies of rice. We suggest strong selection in the absence of effective recombination may be the driving force, which we called the domestication‐associated Hill‐Robertson effect. These hitchhiking mutations may contribute to some fitness reduction in cultivars. Comparisons of the two genomes also reveal the existence of highly divergent regions in the genomes. Haplotypes in these regions often form highly polymorphic linkage blocks that are much older than speciation between wild species. Genes from such regions could contribute to the differences between indica and japonica and are likely to be involved in the diversifying selection under domestication. Their existence suggests that the amount of genetic variation within the single progenitor species Oryza rufipogon may be insufficient to account for the variation among rice cultivars, which may come from a more inclusive gene pool comprising most of the A‐genome wild species. Genes from the highly polymorphic regions also provide strong support for the independent domestication of the two subspecies. The genomic variation in rice has revealing implications for studying the genetic basis of indica‐japonica differentiation under rice domestication and subsequent improvement.     

朊病毒的分子遗传学研究

院病毒（prion）是一种能引起哺乳动物中枢神经系统退行性疾病,即一般称为传染性海绵状脑病（BE）的病原因子。这些疾病包括人类克雅氏病忙reutrfeltJocob）、致死性家族失眠症、羊瘙痒症和疯牛病等[1]．1982年美国科学家Prusiner从感染了瘙痒症的叙利亚老鼠脑中分离出具有传染性的蛋白因子,并首先提出朊病毒这一名词,以与病毒、类病毒相区别。朊病毒最显著的特征是不含核酸。现已知道朊病毒（prionprotein,PrP是由宿主染色体基因PrP编码的一种正常细胞蛋白,在非患病个体中以低水平存在。这种蛋白在细胞内质网上合成、高尔基小体中…     

近岸污染指示半知菌灰黄青霉(Penicillium griseo fulvum)的分子检测

【目的】通过分子方法检测近海污染环境优势种灰黄青霉,并为由此而推断污染程度做准备。【方法】根据GenBank中青霉属不同种和相近属种的ITS序列差异和灰黄青霉特有的IAO序列,设计了污染区优势种灰黄青霉的特异性引物AS1/RS4和IAO1/IAO2,建立相应的特异探针检测体系。通过PCR和套式PCR技术,分析比较两对特异序列检测灰黄青霉的差异。【结果】建立的分子检测体系可以排除其它近似或相关菌株干扰,从环境中扩增到目的基因片段。利用引物AS1/RS4作为核酸探针,通过套式PCR菌株DNA的检测灵敏度可达到10fg/μL,当仅有10个数量级分生孢子时即可检测出,从沉积物中检测灵敏度为102个数量级孢子/0.25g。特异酶基因IAO1/IAO2检测灵敏度较前者稍低。【结论】利用特异序列作为探针检测污染环境优势种灰黄青霉的方法可行,在一定范围内,灰黄青霉的出现频率及数量对污染程度有较好的指示作用。     

野猪研究进展

野猪为重要的资源兽类之一.从20世纪80年代开始,国内外学者对野猪开展了一系列的研究,包括其生境选择、活动规律、食物结构、种群特性、分子遗传学和防护与危害等方面.尤其是对野猪的卧息地和觅食地生境选择、遗传变异、起源进化等方面进行了深入的探讨.本文根据国内外学者对野猪的研究现状,主要对野猪的上述研究内容进行了综述,以期为后续研究提供参考.     

田头菇属不同分离菌株杂交研究

目的:验证杨柳田头菇菌株YAASM0711的性遗传模式,探索田头菇属不同分离菌株间的杂交结果.方法:对菌株YAASM0962、YAASM0969以及茶树菇CS45做了交配型与种间杂交研究.结果:菌株YAASM0962其性遗传模式为四极异宗结合,4种交配型比例A3B3∶A4B3∶A3B4∶A4B4为6∶10∶14∶7;菌株YAASM0969和茶树菇CS45出现偏分离现象,只有两种极性出现,2种交配型比例分别为(YAASM0969,A5B5∶A6B6)38∶35和(CS45,A7B7∶A8B8)51∶55.菌株YAASM0711与YAASM0962、YAASM0969、YAASM0967、CS45之间杂交能形成具锁状联合的双核菌丝,且除茶树菇外均能产生子实体.结论:除茶树菇CS45外其余的菌株为杨柳田头菇,它们的有性繁殖方式应该均为四极异宗结合,伴随人工的栽培,其交配因子基因之间不断的重组、插入或删除引发偏分离现象,导致极性菌株比例失调,甚至使一些极性丢失.     

纳米金在分子影像学中的应用进展

分子影像学的出现将传统的以解剖结构为成像基础的医学影像学带入到以图像阐释细胞/分子结构和功能以及病理改变的新时代。伴随着"后基因组"时代的到来以及"个体化医疗"的兴起,分子影像学对医学领域带来了里程碑式的革命并日益发挥重要作用。在分子影像领域,寻找最佳的分子影像探针/对比剂以及成像方法,以获取更多的细胞或者分子的功能及病理改变的信息日益成为热门的研究领域。纳米金籍其自身的优点在分子影像学的发展中展示出日益广阔的前景。本文就分子影像学的相关技术及纳米金在分子影像学中的应用进展作一简要综述。     

分子人类学与现代人的起源*

1953年Watson & Crick 对于DNA双螺旋结构模型的提出及对其遗传机理的解释,标志着现代分子生物学的诞生。其后短短50年的时间里,分子生物学在各个学科之间广泛渗透,相互促进,不断深入和发展。在以研究人类的起源和进化为首要任务的人类学领域,由于现代分子生物学理论和方法的应用,诞生了分子人类学这一全新的结合型分支学科,为人类学的发展提供了科学可信的研究方法和具发展前景的研究方向。系统地介绍了分子人类学的发展历史、研究方法及原理;另外,结合分子人类学在古人类学研究中的应用,讨论了关于现代人起源的“非洲起源说”和“多地区连续演化说”。Abstract: Since Watson & Crick put forward the double-helix model of DNA structure and hereditary mechanism in 1953, it is generally accepted that this event marks the birth of modern molecular biology. This new field of biology has experienced a flourishing development in the past 50 years. On one hand, the development of molecular biology has been deeply influencing many relative fields; on the other hand, its own proceeding pace has been accelerated by the reaction from the other fields. Anthropology is one of the fields most deeply impacted by the theory and method of molecular biology. Most importantly, molecular anthropology was born as a result of combination of molecular biology, anthropology as well as paleoanthropology. This new branch provides reliable method and vital direction for paleoanthropology. This paper systematically reviews the history, principle and method of molecular anthropology. Two hypotheses on the origin of modern human, which include “out-of-African theory” and “theory of multiregional evolution” are also discussed for the purpose of showing how molecular anthropology is applied in paleoanthropology.     

应用SSH技术研究NaHCO3胁迫下柽柳基因的表达

以NaHCO3胁迫紫杆柽柳(Tamarix androssowii)cDNA为试验方(tester),正常生长紫杆柽柳cDNA为驱动方(driver),应用SSH技术研究胁迫下柽柳基因的表达。经Northern杂交检测,共获得36个盐胁迫应答基因。Blastx分析表明,它们编码的蛋白与下列蛋白同源：抗氧化酶CAT和PRDX;海藻糖磷酸酶(trehalose phosphatase),该酶与海藻糖合成相关;多种调控蛋白,例如bZIP转录因子、MADS-box蛋白、富含甘氨酸RNA结合蛋白(glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins)、CCCH型锌指蛋白、F-box蛋白等等;早期光诱导蛋白(early light-induced protein),该蛋白可以保护和／或修复由胁迫引起的植物光合元件(photosynthetic apparatus)损伤;半胱氨酸蛋白酶(cysteine proteinase)和VPE(vacuolar processing enzyme),它们在植物细胞的死亡过程中起作用;以及脂质转移蛋白前体(lipid transfer protein precursor)、聚合泛素(polyubiquitin)、查尔酮合成酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶、NADPIDH、盐诱导S12蛋白、OEE1等蛋白。在获得的36个基因中,3个基因编码的蛋白分别与3个推定(putative)的蛋白即HAK2(K^ transporter)、钙结合蛋白和RNA结合蛋白具有同源性;同时,发现6个盐胁迫应答的新序列。上述结果提示柽柳的抗盐性可能不仅是依赖于盐腺的泌盐作用,而是一个多种抗盐途径和多基因协同作用的复杂体系。     

气体分子的信号转导作用研究

气体分子在生物体内细胞通讯与信号传递过程中具有重要作用.对NO、CO、活性氧、H2S等气体性信号分子的信号转导作用进行了综述.